The DOE Oakland Operations Office is the field organization responsible for the implementation of waste management plans at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The LLNL Hazardous Waste Management Division is responsible for preparing those plans. The Division is also responsible for processing all hazardous wastes, radioactive wastes, and mixed wastes generated at both the Livermore Site and Site 300. The Livermore Site and Site 300 do not generate or manage spent nuclear fuel or HLW. Both the Livermore Site and Site 300 are on the NPL for sites requiring environmental restoration in accordance with CERCLA and SARA. Because there is no spent nuclear fuel, HLW, or TRU waste associated with any of the proposed activities at the Livermore Site and Site 300 (secondary and case fabrication, HE fabrication, nonnuclear fabrication, NIF, and CFF), there will be no further discussion in this appendix of spent nuclear fuel, HLW, or TRU waste generation and management at the Livermore Site and Site 300.
Pollution Prevention. The Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention Awareness Plan published on April 25, 1994, documents LLNL projections for present and future waste minimization and pollution prevention. The plan specifies those activities and methods used to reduce the quantity and toxicity of wastes generated at the site.
Low-Level Waste. LLNL has a relatively large inventory of noncertified LLW that must be characterized, certified, and disposed of. Most of this waste was generated between 1988 and 1993 and consists of roughly 7,000 drum equivalents. An ongoing multiphase project will ultimately conclude with the disposal of the entire LLNL legacy LLW inventory. This project includes the preparation of a waste disposal addendum to the LLNL waste disposal application that will cover legacy waste and any waste certification procedures.
Aqueous LLW is treated at Building 514, the Liquid Waste Treatment Facility. At the facility, containerized and bulk radioactive liquid wastes are transferred into one of the six 7,000-L (1,850-gal) tanks to be treated chemically. The tanks are used to treat both radioactive and mixed waste liquids. Following treatment, if the tank's contents are below established sewer discharge limits, the liquid is released to the sanitary sewer. The precipitate wastes from the chemical treatments are filtered to create a filter cake. The filter cake is then stabilized. Captured filtrate is either discharged to the sanitary sewer or retreated.
No liquid LLW is generated at Site 300. Most Site 300 solid LLW is generated from the detonation of test assemblies on firing tables. The debris consists of gravel and fragments of wood, metal, and glass; larger debris consists of tent poles and pieces of wood, steel, aluminum, concrete, plastic, glass, burlap bags, cables, and other inert testing materials. These parts are contaminated with depleted uranium and sometimes, thorium. Firing table operations have also periodically generated wastes containing tritium. LLW, including the gravel from firing table operations, is packaged in approved waste containers and transported to Building 804 for staging, pending shipment to the Livermore Site or shipment directly to NTS for disposal.
Mixed Low-Level Waste. Current inventories of mixed LLW at LLNL total approximately 457 m 3 (598 yd3). Schedules for waste treatment vary by waste stream. Mixed waste (other than wastewater, which is treated at Building 514) is appropriately packaged and stored at the Area 514 complex or the Area 612 complex, pending establishment of a suitable onsite or offsite facility that can dispose of such waste according to applicable regulations. Descriptions of mixed waste treatment options, inventory, treatment, disposal and storage facilities for LLW, and mixed LLW are listed in tables H.2.6-1, H.2.6-2, and H.2.6-3.
Some mixed waste can be chemically or physically treated at LLNL. Existing treatment for mixed wastes includes neutralization, flocculation, chemical reduction and oxidation, precipitation, separation, filtration, solidification, size reduction, shredding, adsorption, and blending. Mixed wastes are currently treated in the Building 513 Solidification Unit, the Area 514 Wastewater Filtration Unit, and the Area 514 Wastewater Treatment Tank Farm Unit.
LLNL has requested regulatory agency approval to add centrifugation and evaporation treatment units, as well as to increase current treatment operations for mixed wastes. Also, mixed wastes are stored in appropriate units at the Livermore Site for extended periods until they can be shipped to an approved offsite treatment and/or disposal facility. Although LLNL does not have current existing treatment units to treat its organic liquid mixed waste, it is planning to develop treatment technology for these waste streams.
The matrices of the mixed LLW to be generated in the future include aqueous liquid, homogeneous solids, organic and inorganic debris, organic liquids, reactive metals, elemental lead, high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, and elemental mercury. The aqueous liquid and homogeneous solids waste streams are projected to each generate 92 percent of the mixed LLW. Organic liquids will account for almost 3 percent of the future volume and the organic/inorganic debris is projected to account for approximately 4 percent of the mixed LLW. Reactive metals, elemental lead, HEPA filters, and elemental mercury account for the remaining 1 percent.
Soils from environmental restoration activities may contain low-level radioactivity (primarily tritium and some depleted uranium at Site 300) mixed with low concentrations of VOCs and possibly some metals (i.e., cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, beryllium, and mercury) in the soil matrix. The waste would primarily be generated during drilling operations and minor excavations. Environmental restoration drilling activities at LLNL are likely to occur through 1998. The generation rate of wastes from LLNL drilling is estimated to be 20 to 50 drums per year, or approximately 17 to 42 m 3 (22 to 55 yd3) through 1998 (LLNL 1995h:6-2).
At Site 300, liquids (groundwater) from developing, testing, and purging wells that contain tritium and VOCs as the primary contaminants could potentially be generated. The total estimated volume of potential liquid mixed waste is less than 18,927 L/yr (5,000 gal/yr). This would correspond to 76 m 3 (100 yd 3) through 1998 (LLNL 1995h:6-2). Future generation of mixed waste at Site 300 is not anticipated.
Hazardous Waste. As a research facility, LLNL generates a variety of hazardous wastes, many in relatively small quantities. Almost all buildings generate hazardous wastes, ranging from common household items such as fluorescent light tubes, batteries, and lead-based paint to solvents, metals, cyanides, toxic organics, pesticides, asbestos, and PCBs. Table H.2.6-4 lists hazardous waste quantities shipped offsite from LLNL in 1994.
LLNL presently operates five hazardous waste management facilities. These are the Area 514 Facility, Area 612 Facility, Building 233 Facility, Building 693 Facility, and Building 419 Facility. The Area 514 and 612 facilities include treatment and storage units for hazardous and mixed wastes; the Building 233 facility is a container storage unit for hazardous and mixed wastes; the Building 693 Facility is a container storage unit for hazardous wastes, but will eventually be used for the storage of both hazardous and mixed wastes; and the Building 419 Facility includes inactive treatment units that are awaiting regulatory closure.
LLNL is currently operating its hazardous waste management activities under the interim status standards of the California Code of Regulations, Title 22, Part 66265. A RCRA Part B Permit application has been submitted to the State of California for continued operation, and a final permit is expected in 1996. Under interim status, LLNL receives hazardous and/or mixed wastes from Site 300.
Site 300 operates two hazardous waste management units. These units are only used for the treatment and long-term storage (i.e., greater than 90-day storage) of hazardous wastes. The Building 883 container storage area is a covered storage area on the southwest side of Building 883. The facility is designed primarily to hold hazardous waste before it is transferred to the Area 612 Facility at LLNL for treatment, storage, and disposal or sent directly offsite for disposal. It is currently permitted under the RCRA Part B Permit for Site 300. Table H.2.6-5 lists hazardous waste quantities shipped offsite from Site 300 in 1994.
| Waste Description | Source Description | Inventory as of January 1995(m3 ) | Total Generation 1995-1999 Projection (m3) | Treatment Option |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic fluids and glass | Changing R&D activities which provide liquid organic fluids in glass vials | 5.5 | 5 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Filter cake | Rotary drum vacuum filtration of LLNL wastewaters (Building 514) | 105.9 | 110 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Inorganic trash | Changing R&D activities which generate cleanup trash and used safety equipment such as coveralls | 8.7 | 7 | Treating or plan to treat offsite |
| Wash waters | Laboratory-wide R&D | 68.1 | 1,350 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Inorganic sludges and particulates | Onsite retention tank cleaning and surface spill cleanup | 2.8 | 5 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Scrap metal | Onsite research and maintenance including lab | 15.2 | 5 | Treating or plan to treat offsite |
| Lead bricks | Used and discarded lead bricks which may have been used for shielding purposes | 3.9 | 5 | Treating or plan to treat offsite |
| Halogenated solvent | From/by phase separation from onsite waste water treatment processes | 7.1 | 10 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Oils | Waste oils skimmed by phase separation from onsite waste water treatment processes | 3.6 | 8.5 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Soil-1 | Soil excavated from onsite trenching activities | 10.1 | 10 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Lithium metal | Used and discarded laboratory waste from changing R&D activities | 1.0 | 1.0 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Oils | Draining of vacuum pumps. Onsite R&D activities which use halogenated solvents | 13.7 | 20 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| HEPA filters | Generated by onsite research activities and facility maintenance | 3 | 15 | Treating or plan to treat offsite |
| Organic liquids | Changing biomedical and nuclear chemistry R&D activities | 0.3 | 1 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Inorganic trash-3 | Changing research and laboratory cleanup activities | 50.7 | 50 | Treating or plan to treat offsite |
| Lab packs with metals | Onsite R&D activities | 0.8 | 1.5 | Treating or plan to treat offsite |
| Metal chips and coolant | Depleted uranium turnings and chips from machining operations | 3.2 | unknown | Treatment options still being assessed |
| Contaminated soils | Waste generated from equipment maintenance | 6.6 | 30 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Liquid mercury waste | Equipment maintenance | 0.09 | 0.05 | Treating or plan to treat offsite |
| Stabilized sludges and particulates | Sludges from tank bottoms and equipment cleanout that have been solidified/stabilized with cement | 141.3 | 125 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Organic sludges and particulates | Sump waste, lab sink waste, dip tanks, etc. | 1.2 | 5 | Treating or plan to treat onsite |
| Other reactives | Contaminated equipment and containerized waste generated from onsite R&D activities | 4.4 | 1 | Treatment options still being assessed |
| Total | 457.19 | 1,765 | ||
| DOE 1995gg. | ||||
| Treatment Unit | Treatment Method | Input Capability | Output Capability | Total Capacity1 (m3/yr) | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Building 513 shredding unit | Shredding, size reduction | Solid mixed LLW | Solid mixed LLW to Area 612 container storage units | 5.5x106 kg/yr | RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Building 612 drum/container crushing unit | Size reduction | Solid mixed LLW | Solid mixed LLW (crushed empty drums) to Area 612 container storage unit | 1.248x106 kg/yr | Permits: District Air; RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Area 514-1 cold vapor evaporation unit | Evaporation neutralization | Liquid mixed LLW | Liquid mixed LLW to Area 514 wastewater filtration | 7,495 | Permits: District Air; RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2011 |
| Area 514-1 centrifugation unit | Centrifugation separation | Liquid mixed LLW | Liquid mixed LLW to Area 514 wastewater filtration | 7,495 | Permits: District Air; RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2011 |
| Area 514 wastewater filtration unit | Filtration | Liquid mixed LLW | Solid mixed LLW to Area 612 container storage unit | 3,731 | Permits: RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Area 514 Wastewater Treatment Tank Farm | Liquid/solid separation, ion exchange, neutralization; leaching, oxidation, carbon adsorption, precipitation; deactivation, reduction, flocculation | Liquid mixed LLW | Liquid mixed LLW to Area 514 wastewater filtration | 7,495 | Permits: RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Area 514-1 carbon adsorption unit | Carbon adsorption, solvent extraction | Liquid mixed LLW | Liquid mixed LLW to Area 514 wastewater filtration | 7,495 | Permits: District Air; Closure date: 2011 |
| Area 514-1/portable blending unit | Neutralization blending, flocculation | Liquid mixed LLW | Mixed LLW to Area 514 wastewater filtration | 7,495 | Permits: District Air; Closure date: 2011 |
| Area 514-1/tank blending unit | Neutralization blending, flocculation | Liquid mixed LLW | Mixed LLW to Area 514 wastewater filtration | 7,495 | |
| Building 513 solidification unit | Solidification neutralization stabilization, immobilization | Liquid mixed LLW, solid mixed LLW | Solid mixed LLW to Area 612 container storage units | 1,347 | RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Building 612 size reduction unit | Size reduction, decontamination | Solid mixed LLW | Solid mixed LLW (size reduced) to Area 612 container storage units | 1 x 106kg/yr | RCRA Part A interim status; this unit replaces the size reduction unit in building 419. Closure date: 2011 |
| Decontamination and Waste Treatment Facility | Will replace areas 514 and 612 using same type treatment methods | Liquid mixed LLW, solid mixed LLW; liquid LLW; solid LLW | Not determined | Not determined | The RCRA Part B permit application has not been submitted yet. This is a planned facility. |
| Storage Unit | Input Capability | Design Capacity2 (m3) | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Receiving, segregation, and container storage (Area 612-4) | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 180.1 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Building 513 container storage unit | Solid mixed LLW | 60 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Building 625 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 80.28 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Building 612 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 145.9 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Building 614 west cells container storage | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 2.55 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Area 514-2 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 39.4 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Area 514-1 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 53.4 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Area 514 storage tank (514-R501 unit) | Liquid mixed LLW; liquid hazardous waste | 84.5 | Tank storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Area 514-3 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 83.47 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Area 612 tank trailer storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW | 19 | Tank storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Area 612-1 container storage unit | Solid mixed LLW | 1,086.4 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Area 612-5 container storage unit | Solid mixed LLW | 760.78 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2004 |
| Area 612-2 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 40 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2009 |
| Building 612 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW; PCB TSCA mixed only | 281.9 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2014 |
| Building 233 container storage unit | Liquid mixed LLW; solid mixed LLW | 56.63 | Container storage-RCRA Part A interim status; Closure date: 2023 |
| Description | Number of Shipments Containing Description | Quantity(kg) | Estimated Volume3 (m3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Articles, explosives, n.o.s. | 6 | 12 | <0.1 |
| Barium nitrate | 1 | 68 | <0.1 |
| Blue asbestos | 8 | 321,113 | 214.1 |
| Caustic alkali liquids, n.o.s. | 17 | 3,828 | 3.8 |
| Combustible liquid, n.o.s. | 23 | 31,472 | 31.5 |
| Compounds, cleaning liquid | 3 | 91 | <0.1 |
| Corrosive solids, poisonous, n.o.s. | 1 | 5 | <0.1 |
| Corrosive liquids, n.o.s. | 41 | 11,755 | 11.8 |
| Corrosive solids, n.o.s. | 8 | 585 | 0.4 |
| Corrosive liquids, oxidizing, n.o.s. | 5 | 612 | 0.6 |
| Corrosive liquids, poisonous, n.o.s. | 3 | 151 | 0.2 |
| Corrosive liquids, flammable, n.o.s. | 3 | 37 | <0.1 |
| Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s. | 2 | 23,827 | 15.6 |
| Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, n.o.s. | 1 | 438 | 0.4 |
| Flammable solids, n.o.s. | 10 | 977 | 0.7 |
| Flammable liquids, corrosive, n.o.s. | 12 | 302 | 0.3 |
| Flammable liquids, n.o.s. | 37 | 17,292 | 17.3 |
| Flammable solids, poisonous, n.o.s. | 1 | 12 | <0.1 |
| Flammable solids, corrosive, n.o.s. | 1 | 32 | <0.1 |
| Flammable liquids, poisonous, n.o.s. | 16 | 988 | 1.0 |
| Hazardous waste, liquid | 1 | 1,429 | 1.4 |
| Hazardous waste, solid, n.o.s. | 2 | 36,505 | 24.3 |
| Hazardous waste, solid | 3 | 37,025 | 24.7 |
| Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s. | 4 | 872 | 0.6 |
| Nitrates, inorganic, n.o.s. | 1 | 40 | <0.1 |
| Non-RCRA hazardous waste solid | 53 | 287,054 | 191.4 |
| Non-RCRA hazardous waste, liquid | 60 | 62,121 | 62.1 |
| Organochlorine pesticides, solid toxic, n.o.s. | 1 | 8 | <0.1 |
| Oxidizing substances, liquid, corrosive, n.o.s. | 2 | 211 | 0.2 |
| Oxidizing substances, solid, corrosive, n.o.s. | 2 | 16 | <0.1 |
| Oxidizing substances, solid, n.o.s. | 7 | 149 | 0.1 |
| Oxidizing substances, solid, poisonous, n.o.s. | 5 | 65 | <0.1 |
| Oxidizing substances, liquid, n.o.s. | 1 | 6 | <0.1 |
| Poisonous solids, corrosive, n.o.s. | 1 | 6 | <0.1 |
| Poisonous liquids, corrosive, n.o.s. | 4 | 288 | 0.3 |
| Poisonous solids, n.o.s. | 12 | 177 | 0.1 |
| Poisonous liquids, n.o.s. | 11 | 329 | 0.3 |
| Polychlorinated biphenyls | 20 | 21,779 | 14.5 |
| Pyrophoric, liquids, n.o.s. | 2 | 19 | <0.1 |
| Pyrophoric metals, n.o.s. | 3 | 150 | 0.1 |
| Pyrophoric solids, n.o.s. | 1 | 15 | <0.1 |
| Substances, explosive, n.o.s. | 1 | 8 | <0.1 |
| Substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases, liquid | 5 | 39 | <0.1 |
| Substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases, solid | 12 | 158 | 0.1 |
LLNL generates several types of medical wastes consisting of biohazardous waste and sharps (i.e., needles, blades, and glass slides) waste from biomedical research, Center for Chemical Forensics, and health services facilities. In July 1991, LLNL registered with the Alameda County Environmental Health Services as a large-quantity generator of medical waste, and submitted an application for a medical waste treatment permit. The treatment permit was issued in August 1991 and is valid through July 1996.
| Description | Number of Shipments Containing Description | Quantity(kg) | Estimated Volume4(m3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Combustible liquids, n.o.s. | 5 | 30,030 | 30.0 |
| Compounds, cleaning liquid | 4 | 174 | 0.2 |
| Corrosive liquids, n.o.s. | 1 | 309 | 0.3 |
| Non-RCRA hazardous waste liquid | 10 | 34,036 | 34.0 |
| Non-RCRA hazardous waste solid | 8 | 28,316 | 18.9 |
Medical wastes from the Biomedical Sciences Division are autoclaved in Building 365 for sterilization before disposal as sanitary waste, except those biological wastes containing carcinogens. These wastes are inactivated chemically, or when this is not possible, disposed of in an appropriately labeled carcinogen/radioactive waste container. Sharps waste is sent to a commercial incinerator following sterilization.
Medical waste from Site 300 is generated at the Medical Facility, Building 877. These wastes are transported to LLNL where they are autoclaved at Building 365. The sterilized materials are then disposed of as sanitary waste.
Nonhazardous Waste. The Livermore Site discharges approximately 1.1 million liters per day (0.209 million gallons per day) of wastewater to the city of Livermore sewer system; this amount is less than 7 percent of the total flow to the city system (LLNL 1995d:6-1). This volume includes wastewater generated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) (Livermore). The wastewater contains sanitary sewage and industrial effluent from both LLNL and SNL and is discharged according to permit requirements and the city of Livermore Public Services Ordinance. The effluent is processed at the Livermore Water Reclamation Plant. As part of the Livermore-Amador Valley Wastewater Management Program, the treated sanitary wastewater is transported out of the valley through a pipeline and discharged into the San Francisco Bay. A small portion of the treated effluent from the Livermore Water Reclamation Plant is used for summer irrigation of the municipal golf course, which is next to the Livermore Water Reclamation Plant. Sludge from the treatment process is disposed of in sanitary landfills.
Administrative and engineering controls at the Livermore Site prevent potentially contaminated wastewater from being discharged directly to the sanitary sewer. Wastewater is collected and monitored at several different points from its generation to its release to the municipal collection system. LLNL completed construction of a diversion system to hold wastewater that is unacceptable for release to the Livermore Water Reclamation Plant. When an unacceptable discharge is detected by the monitoring system, the diversion system is automatically activated. Up to 775,000 L (205,000 gal) of potentially contaminated sewage can be held pending analysis to find the appropriate handling methods. The diverted effluent may be returned to the sanitary sewer, shipped for offsite disposal, or treated at LLNL's Hazardous Waste Management Facility.
Sanitary wastewater generated within the General Services Area at Site 300 is discharged to an onsite sewer lagoon. Other more remotely located buildings on Site 300 are serviced by septic systems and leach fields. Industrial wastewaters are contained in retention tanks and analyzed, and their proper disposition decided. These wastewaters may be shipped to LLNL for treatment and discharged to the sanitary sewer system or shipped directly to an offsite treatment and disposal facility. The nonhazardous rinsewaters from the HE machining, pressing, and formulation processes are disposed of by surface evaporation from two ponds.
LLNL does not have any onsite solid waste disposal facilities. After waste reduction and recycling, solid wastes are collected in dumpsters and other similar containers and transported to the Vasco Road Landfill for disposal. Solid waste generated at Site 300 is transported to the Corral Hollow Sanitary Landfill, approximately 6.44 km (4 mi) east of Site 300 on Corral Hollow Road. The San Joaquin County Public Works Department is currently evaluating alternatives for solid waste disposal, including expansion of the Corral Hollow Sanitary Landfill, siting of new landfills, and construction of a transfer station for disposal at another landfill.
The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 mandates reductions in sanitary waste by counties. Sanitary waste must be reduced by at least 25 percent by 1995; the base year for this reduction is 1990. By 2000, the reduction must be 50 percent compared to the 1990 base. LLNL has already reduced this waste stream by over 40 percent from the 1990 base (LLNL 1995b:68).
1 For those facilities in use this is a normal operating capacity; whereas, for facilities under design or construction this is a design capacity. Schedules and capacities for facilities under design or construction are subject to changes based on the availability of funds, results of treatability studies, permit issuance, etc. DOE 1994n; LLNL 1996i:2.
2 Schedules and capacities for facilities under design or construction are subject to changes based on the availability of funds, permit issuance, etc. > DOE 1994k.
3 For those shipments in which only a mass quantity was provided, a volume estimate was made based on density factors of 1,000 kg/m3 for liquids and 1,500 kg/m3 for solids. n.o.s. - not otherwise specified. DOE 1995h.
4 For those shipments in which only a mass quantity was provided, a volume estimate was made based on density factors of 1,000 kg/m 3 for liquids and 1,500 kg/m 3 for solids. n.o.s. - not otherwise specified. DOE 1995h.