APPENDIX B: AIR QUALITY

B.1 Introduction

This appendix provides detailed data that support impact assessments for air quality addressed in sections 4.X.2.3, Affected Environment--Air Quality and 4.X.3.3, Environmental Impacts--Air Quality. The data presented include emission inventories from site-related activities and facility emissions for various alternatives. Section B.2 presents the methodology and models used in the air quality assessment. Section B.3 presents supporting data applicable to each site. The tables included in sections B.3.2 through B.3.9 contain site-specific information applicable to the air quality assessments at each site including figures containing wind rose data specific to each site.

B.2 Methodology and Models

The assessment of potential impacts to air quality is based upon comparisons of proposed project effects with applicable standards and guidelines. The Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, is used to estimate concentrations of pollutants from emission sources at each site.

The air quality modeling analysis performed for the alternative sites is considered a "screening level" analysis incorporating conservative assumptions applied to each of the sites such that the impacts associated with the respective alternatives could be compared among the sites. The assumptions are as follows: major source criteria pollutant emissions were modeled using actual source locations and stack parameters to determine No Action criteria pollutant concentrations; toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions were modeled from a single source centrally located within the complex of facilities on each site assuming a 10-meter (m) (32.8-foot [ft]) stack height, a stack diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft), stack exit temperature equal to ambient temperature, and a stack exit velocity equal to 0.03 m/second (s) (0.1 ft/s), unless otherwise specified.

These assumptions will tend to overestimate pollutant concentrations since no credit is given to spacial and temporal variations of emission sources.

Emission sources for the facilities for each alternative were located at the same location as the existing toxic/hazardous pollutant emission sources and assumed the modeling parameters used for these emissions.

B.3 Supporting Data

B.3.1 Overview

This section presents supporting information for each of the eight existing Department of Energy (DOE) sites considered under various alternatives. Table B.3.1-1 presents the air quality standards applicable to each site. Subsequent sections present supporting information used in the air quality analysis at Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), Savannah River Site (SRS), Kansas City Plant (KCP), Pantex Plant (Pantex), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) (which includes the Livermore Site and Site 300), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Nevada Test Site (NTS).

Table B.3.1-1.-- Ambient Air Quality Standards Applicable to the Candidate Sites

Pollutant	Averaging Time	Primary NAAQS mg/m3	Secondary NAAQS mg/m3	California (Livermore Site and Site 300) mg/m3	Nevada (NTS) mg/m3	Kansas (KCP) mg/m3	Texas (Pantex) mg/m3	Tennessee (ORR) mg/m3	Georgia and South Carolina (SRS) mg/m3	New Mexico (LANL/SNL) mg/m3
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	Annual	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	b/4,600
	8-hour	10,000	2	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	7,689/10,000
	1-hour	40,000	2	23,000	40,000	40,000	40,000	40,000	40,000	11,578/15,000
Lead	Calendar quarter	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5/1.5
	30-day	2	2	1.5	2	2	2	2	2	b/3
Nitrogen dioxide	Annual	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	73/94
	24-hour	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	145/117
	1-hour	2	2	470	2	2	2	2	2	b/ 2
Ozone	1-hour	235	235	180	235	235	235	235	235	235/235
Particulate matter	Annual	50	50	30	50	50	50	50	50	50/50
	24-hour	150	150	50	150	150	150	150	150	150/150
Sulfur dioxide	Annual	80	2	80	80	80	80	80	80	40/11
	24-hour	365	2	105	365	365	365	365	365	202/92
	3-hour	2	1,300	1,300	1,300	1,300	1,300	1,300	1,300	1,300/1,300
	1-hour	2	2	655	2	2	2	2	2	b/ 2
	30-minute	2	2	2	2	2	1,045	2	2	b/ 2
State and County Mandated Pollutants
Arsenic, Copper & Zinc	30-day	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	b/10
Beryllium	30-day	2	2	0.01	2	2	2	2	2	b/ 0.01
	24-hour	2	2	2	2	2	0.01	2	2	b/ 2
Hydrocarbons (non-methane)	3-hour	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	b/100
Hydrogen	30-day	2	2	2	2	2	0.8	1.2	0.8	b/ 2
fluoride	7-day	2	2	2	2	2	1.6	1.6	1.6	b/ 2
	24-hour	2	2	2	2	2	2.9	2.9	2.9	b/ 2
	12-hour	2	2	2	2	2	3.7	3.7	3.7	b/ 2
State and County Mandated Pollutants (Continued)
Hydrogen sulfide	1-hour	2	2	42	112	2	2	2	2	11/4
30-minute	2	2	2	2	42	2	2	2	b/2
Photochemical oxidants	1-hour	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	b/20
Sulfate	24-hour	2	2	25	2	2	2	2	2	b/2
Sulfuric acid	24-hour	2	2	2	2	10	2	2	2	b/2
	1-hour	2	2	2	2	30	2	2	2	b/2
Total reduced sulfur	1-hour	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3/4
Total	Annual	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	75	60/60
suspended	30-day	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	90/90
particulates	7-day	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	110/110
	24-hour	2	2	2	2	2	2	150	2	150/150
Vinyl chloride	24-hour	2	2	26	2	2	2	2	2	b/2

B.3.2 Oak Ridge Reservation

This section provides information on meteorology and climatology, emission rates, modeling assumptions, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speed and direction frequencies (figure B.3.2-1) at ORR. Table B.3.2-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at ORR. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. The wind direction above the ridge tops and within the valley at ORR tends to follow the orientation of the valley. On an annual basis, the prevailing winds at the National Weather Service station in the city of Oak Ridge are either up-valley, from west to southwest, or down valley, from east to northeast. Figure B.3.2-1 shows mean wind speeds and direction frequencies for 1990 measured at the 30-m (100-ft) level of the ORR meteorology tower. The prevailing wind directions are from the southwest and northeast quadrants. Annual mean wind speeds measured in the region are relatively low averaging 2 m/s (4.5 miles per hour [mph]) at the Oak Ridge National Weather Service station at the 14-m (46-ft) level and 2.1 m/s (4.7 mph) at the ORR Bethel Valley monitoring station at the 10-m (32.8-ft) level. The average annual temperature at ORR is 13.7 degrees Celsius (°C) (56.6 degrees Fahrenheit [°F]); temperatures vary from an average daily minimum of -3.8 °C (25.1 °F) in January to an average daily maximum of 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) in July. Relative humidity readings taken 4 times per day range from 51 percent in April to 92 percent in August and September (NOAA 1994c:3).

The average annual precipitation measured at ORR in Bethel Valley is 131 centimeters (cm) (56.1 inches [in]), while the average annual precipitation for the Oak Ridge National Weather Service station is 136.4 cm (53.77 in). The maximum monthly precipitation recorded at the Oak Ridge National Weather Service station was 48.9 cm (19.27 in) in July 1967, while the maximum rainfall in a 24-hour period observed was recorded in August 1960 at 19 cm (7.48 in). The average annual snowfall as measured at the Oak Ridge National Weather Service station is 24.9 cm (9.8 in) (NOAA 1994c:3).

Damaging winds are uncommon in the region. Peak gusts recorded in the area range from 26.8 to 30.8 m/s (60 to 69 mph) for the months of January through July; from 21.9 to 26.8 m/s (49 to 60 mph) for August, September, and December; and 16.1 to 20.1 m/s (36 to 45 mph) in October and November (ORNL 1982a:2-72). The fastest mile wind speed (the 1 mile [mi] [1.6 kilometer {km}]) passage of wind with the highest speed for the day) recorded at the Oak Ridge National Weather Service station for the period of record 1958 through 1979 was 26.4 m/s (59.1 mph) in January 1959 (NOAA 1994c:3).

The extreme mile wind speed at a height of 9.1 m (30 ft) that is predicted to occur near ORR once in 100 years is approximately 39.8 m/s (89 mph). The approximate values for occurrence intervals of 10, 25, and 50 years are 28.6, 32.6, and 34.0 m/s (64, 73, and 76 mph), respectively (ORNL 1981a:3.3-7).

Between 1916 and 1972, there were 25 tornadoes reported in the counties of Tennessee having borders within about 64.4 km (40 mi) of ORR. The probability of a tornado striking a particular point in the vicinity of ORR is estimated to be 3.6x10 -4 per year (ORNL 1982a:2-125).

On February 21, 1993, a tornado passed through the northeastern edge of ORR and caused considerable damage to a number of structures in the nearby Union Valley Industrial Park. Damage from this tornado to ORR was relatively light. The wind speeds associated with this tornado ranged from 17.9 m/s (40.0 mph) to those approaching 58.1 m/s (130 mph) (OR DOE 1993c:iii).

Emission Rates. ORR exceeds the applicable 250-ton-per-year emissions criterion for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide and is therefore classified as an existing major source for these pollutants. The classification of ORR as a major source may require further prevention of significant deterioration review than sites not classified as a major source. Table B.3.2-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at ORR. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Modeling Assumptions. Additional model input used to estimate maximum pollutant concentrations at or beyond the ORR site boundary include the following: criteria pollutant emissions were modeled from actual stack locations using actual stack heights, stack diameter, exit velocity, and exit temperature, taken from operating permits; toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions were modeled from a centrally located stack in the Y-12 Plant (Y-12) complex at a height of 10 m (32.8 ft), stack diameter of 0.3 m (1.0 ft), exit velocity of 0.03 m/s (0.1 ft/s), and exit temperature equal to ambient temperature.

Table B.3.2-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Management Alternatives at
Oak Ridge Reservation

Pollutant	2005 No Action (kg/yr)	Downsize Secondary and Case Fabrication (kg/yr) 3	Phaseout of Secondary and Case Fabrication (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	95,000	89,500	(12,900)
Nitrogen dioxide	870,000	708,000	(357,000)
Particulate matter	8,300	7,930	(870)
Sulfur dioxide	972,000	904,000	(148,000)
Total suspended particulates	1,125,000	1,025,000	(110,000)
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds
Acetic acid	1	1	(1)
Chlorine	1,750	1,740	(160)
Hydrogen chloride	6,420	5,480	(5,740)
Hydrogen fluoride	70	70	(70)
Hydrogen sulfide	4	4	4
Methyl alcohol	26,400	16,600	(23,800)
Nitric acid	9,500	8,100	(8,500)
Sulfuric acid	2,500	2,120	(2,180)
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane	220	220	(200)

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. ORR meteorological data for annual mean wind speed and direction for 1990 is presented in figure B.3.2-1 as a wind rose. As shown in this figure, the maximum wind direction frequency is from the east-northeast with a secondary maximum from the northeast. The mean wind speed from the east-northeast is 1.7 m/s (3.8 mph); from the northeast is 2.3 m/s (5.1 mph); while the maximum mean wind speed is 3.3 m/s (7.4 mph) from the southwest.

B.3.3 Savannah River Site

This section provides information on climatology and meteorology, modeling assumptions, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speed and direction frequencies (figure B.3.3-1) at SRS. Table B.3.3-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at SRS. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. Figure B.3.3-1 shows annual mean wind speeds and wind direction frequencies for 1991 measured at the 60-m (200-ft) level of the SRS H-Area weather station. The wind data from the site indicate that there is no prevailing wind direction at SRS. The highest directional frequency is from the northeast. The average annual wind speed measured is 3.8 m/s (8.4 mph) (WSRC 1992h).

Table B.3.3-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Management Alternatives at
Savannah River Site

Pollutant	2005 No Action (kg/yr)		Pit Fabrication (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	404,449		685
Hydrogen fluoride	16,690		7
Nitrogen dioxide	4,278,380		15,666
Particulate matter	1,963,180		968
Sulfur dioxide	9,454,199		32,552
Total suspended particulates	4,430,890		5
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds	Point and Volume Source (kg/yr)	Area Source (kg/yr/m2)
Acrolein	5	1.94x10 -3	5
Benzene	129,772.3	0.21	5
Bis (chloromethyl) ether	211.0	5	5
Cadium oxide	243.0	5	5
Chlorine	21,146.7	10.11	5
Chloroform	1,035,006	13.6	5
Cobalt	5,970.2	4.58x10 -4	5
3, 3-Dichlorobenzidine	211.0	5	5
Formic acid	46,949.5	5	5
Manganese	27,882.1	2.61	5
Mercury	917.5	1.15x10 -3	5
Nickel	23,022.5	6.02	5
Nitric acid	1,150,525.8	5	5
Parathion	6	6	5
Phosphoric acid	14,859.8	5	5

The average annual precipitation at SRS is 113.4 cm (44.66 in). Precipitation is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, with the highest precipitation in summer, 32.7 cm (12.87 in) and the lowest in autumn, 21.2 cm (8.34 in). Although snow can fall from November through April, the average annual snowfall is only 2.8 cm (1.1 in); large snowfalls are rare (NOAA 1994c:3).

Winter storms in the SRS area occasionally bring strong and gusty surface winds with speeds as high as 22.8 m/s (51 mph). Thunderstorms can generate winds with speeds as high as 21.5 m/s (48.1 mph) and even stronger gusts. The fastest 1-minute wind speed recorded at Augusta between 1952 and 1993 was 27.7 m/s (62 mph) (NOAA 1994c:3).

The average number of thunderstorm days per year at SRS is 56. From 1954 to 1983, 37 tornadoes were reported for a 1-degree square of latitude and longitude that includes SRS. This frequency of occurrence amounts to an average of about one tornado per year. The estimated probability of a tornado striking a point at SRS is 7.1x10 -5 per year. Since operations began at SRS in 1953, nine tornadoes have been confirmed on or near SRS. Nothing more than light damage was reported in any of these storms, with the exception of a tornado in October 1989. That tornado caused considerable damage to timber resources in an undeveloped wooded area of SRS (WSRC 1990b:1).

From 1899 to 1980, 13 hurricanes occurred in Georgia and South Carolina, for an average frequency of about 1 hurricane every 6 years. Three hurricanes were classified as major. Because SRS is about 160 km (99.4 mi) inland, the winds associated with hurricanes have usually diminished below hurricane force (greater than or equal to a sustained speed of 33.5 m/s (75 mph) before reaching the site (DOE 1992e:4-115).

Emission Rates. SRS exceeds the applicable 250-ton-per-year emissions criterion for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, PM10, and sulfur dioxide and is therefore classified as an existing major source for these pollutants. The classification of SRS as a major source may require further prevention of significant deterioration review than sites not classified as a major source. Table B.3.3-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at SRS. The toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions presented in the table represent those pollutants with estimated concentrations at or beyond the SRS boundary that exceed 1 percent of the state air quality standards. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Modeling Assumptions. Emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants were based upon site actual emissions data for the year 1990. Additional model input used to estimate maximum criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutant concentrations at or beyond the SRS site boundary include pollutant emissions modeled from actual stack heights, actual effective stack diameters, actual exit velocity, and actual exit temperature.

Atmospheric Dispersion Characteristics. Data collected at the SRS meteorological monitoring station for 1991 indicate that unstable conditions occur approximately 38 percent of the time, neutral conditions approximately 43 percent of the time, and stable conditions approximately 19 percent of the time, on an annual basis.

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. The SRS meteorological data for annual mean wind speed and direction for 1991 is presented in figure B.3.3-1 as a wind rose. As shown in this figure, the maximum wind direction frequency is from the northeast with a secondary maximum from the east-northeast. The mean wind speed from the northeast is 3.8 m/s (8.5 mph); from the east-northeast, 3.8 m/s (8.5 mph); while the maximum mean wind speed is 4.1 m/s (9.2 mph) from the west-northwest.

B.3.4 Kansas City Plant

This section provides information on meteorology and climatology, emission rates, modeling assumptions, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speed and direction frequencies (figure B.3.4-1) at KCP. Table B.3.4-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at KCP. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. Figure B.3.4-1 shows annual mean wind speeds and wind direction frequencies for 1991 measured at the 10-m (32.8-ft) level of the Kansas City, Missouri National Weather Service station. The wind data from the Kansas City National Weather Service station indicate that the predominant wind direction frequency is from the south. The average annual wind speed measured is 4.8 m/s (10.8 mph). Average monthly wind speeds range from 5.6 m/s (12.6 mph) in March, to 4.1 m/s (9.1 mph) in August.

The average annual temperature at KCP is 12.0 °C (53.6 °F); temperatures vary from an average daily minimum of -8.5 °C (16.7 °F) in January to a daily mean maximum of 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) in July. Relative humidity readings taken four times per day range from 53 percent in April to 86 percent in August and September (NOAA 1994a:3).

The average annual precipitation at KCP is 95.6 cm (37.62 in). The highest precipitation occurs in the summer months, May through September, and the lowest in winter. Snow can fall from November through April, with the average annual snowfall being 51.1 cm (20.1 in) (NOAA 1994a:3).

Winter storms in the KCP area occasionally bring strong and gusty surface winds with speeds as high as 25.9 m/s (58 mph). Thunderstorms can generate winds with speeds as high as 33.5 m/s (75 mph) and even stronger gusts. The fastest 1-minute wind speed recorded at Kansas City National Weather Service station was 21.5 m/s (48 mph) (NOAA 1994a:3).

The average number of thunderstorm days per year at KCP is 51.8. The estimated probability of a tornado striking a point at KCP is 7.5x10 -4 per year (NRC 1986a:32).

Emission Rates. Table B.3.4-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at the KCP. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Modeling Assumptions. Additional model input used to estimate maximum pollutant concentrations at or beyond the KCP site boundary include the following: criteria pollutant emissions were modeled from actual stack locations using actual stack heights, stack diameter, exit velocity, and exit temperature, taken from operating permits; toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions were modeled from a centrally located stack in the KCP complex at a height of 10 m (32.8 ft), stack diameter of 0.3 m (1.0 ft), exit velocity of 0.03 m/s (0.1 ft/s), and exit temperature equal to ambient temperature.

Table B.3.4-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Management Alternatives at Kansas City Plant

Pollutant	2005 No Action (kg/yr)	Downsize Nonnuclear Fabrication (kg/yr)	Phaseout of Nonnuclear Fabrication (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	11,948	11,948	(11,948)
Nitrogen dioxide	42,574	42,574	(42,574)
Particulate matter	934	934	(934)
Sulfur dioxide	318	318	(318)
Total suspended particulates	934	934	(934)
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds
Acetone	399	416	(399)
Chromium	<9	<9	(<9)
Cyanide	10.21	5.22	(10.21)
Ethyl benzene	45.4	45.4	(45.4)
Formaldehyde	<9	<9	(<9)
Hydrogen chloride	27.2	14.5	(27.2)
Isopropyl alcohol	1,470	2,538	(1,470)
Methanol	9	9	(9)
Methyl ethyl ketone	145	123.6	(145)
Methyl isobutyl ketone	27.2	27.2	(27.2)
Perchloroethylene	263	263	(363)
Toluene	454	506	(454)
Toluene-2,4-Diisocyanate	<9	<9	(<9)
Trichloroethane	36.3	36.3	(36.3)
Trichloroethylene	2,359	3,201	(2,359)
Xylene	235.9	235.9	(235.9)
Parentheses indicate a net reduction in emissions. KC ASI 1995a.

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. The Kansas City National Weather Service meteorological data for annual mean wind speed and direction for 1991 is presented in figure B.3.4-1 as a wind rose. As shown in this figure, the maximum wind direction frequency is from the south with a secondary maximum from the south-southwest. The mean wind speed from the south is 6.1 m/s (13.6 mph); while the maximum mean wind speed is 6.3 m/s (14.1 mph) from the south-southwest.

B.3.5 Pantex Plant

This section provides information on climatology and meteorology, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speed and direction frequencies (figure B.3.5-1) at Pantex. Table B.3.5-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at Pantex. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. Figure B.3.5-1 shows annual mean wind speeds and wind direction frequencies for 1991 measured at the 6.6-m (21.6-ft) level of the Amarillo National Weather Service station. Prevailing wind directions are from the south to southwest. The average annual wind speed measured is 6 m/s (13.5 mph).

The average annual temperature at Pantex is 13.8 °C (56.9 °F); average daily temperatures vary from a daily mean minimum of -5.7 °C (21.8 °F) in January to a daily mean maximum of 32.8 °C (91.1 °F) in July and August. Relative humidity readings taken four times per day range from 31 percent in April to 80 percent in September (NOAA 1994c:3).

The average annual precipitation at Pantex is 49.7 cm (19.56 in). Most of the annual precipitation falls during the months of April through October and usually occurs from thunderstorm activity and the intrusion of warm, moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. Snowfall averages nearly 43 cm (16.9 in). Snowfall can occur from October through April. The maximum 24-hour rainfall with a 100-year recurrence interval is approximately 16.5 cm (6.5 in). On average, the area can expect thunderstorms about 50 days per year, hail 4 days per year, and freezing rain 8 days per year (NOAA 1994c:3). During the 30-year period between 1954 and 1983, a total of 108 tornadoes were reported within a 1-degree latitude and longitude square area which includes Pantex. On average, less than four tornadoes per year occur in an area of 10,096 km 2 (3,898 mi 2 ) surrounding Pantex. The estimated probability of a tornado striking a point at Pantex is 2.3x10 -4 per year (NRC 1986a:32).

Emission Rates. Table B.3.5-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at Pantex. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Table B.3.5-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Management Alternatives at
Pantex Plant

Pollutant	2005 No Action (kg/yr)	Downsize Assembly/ Disassembly and High Explosives (kg/yr)	Downsize Assembly/ Disassembly (kg/yr)	Phaseout of Assembly/ Disassembly and High Explosives (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	22,493	5,856	5,443	(22,493)
Hydrogen fluoride	1,176.06	4.5	7	(1,176.06)
Lead	185	7	7	(185)
Nitrogen dioxide	54,056	22,879	21,319	(54,056)
Particulate matter	8,439	884	816	(8,439)
Sulfur dioxide	0.1	0.03	0.02	(0.1)
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds
Acetonitrile	7	2.8	2.3	7
Alcohols	1,184	7	7	(1,184)
Aldehydes	7	6.5	4.5	7
Ammonia	<0.45	<0.45	<0.45	(<0.45)
Benzene	91.38	3.0	7	(91.38)
Carbon disulfide	27.05	7	7	(27.05)
Carbon tetrachloride	15.59	7	7	(15.59)
Chlorobenzene	1.79	7	7	(1.79)
1,1,1-Chloroethane	22.74	7	7	(22.74)
Chromium	2.14	7	7	(2.14)
Cyclohexane	7	2.2	0.45	7
Cresol	0.05	7	7	(0.05)
Cresylic acid	0.05	7	7	(0.05)
Dibensofuran	0.07	7	7	(0.07)
Dibutyl phthalate	7	5.4	5.4	7
Ester glycol ethers	0.86	7	7	(0.86)
Ethyl benzene	1.51	7	7	(1.51)
Ethylene dichloride	1.33	7	7	(1.33)
Formaldehyde	57.89	7	7	(57.89)
Hydrogen chloride	1,106.11	27.7	24.5	(1,106.11)
Hydrogen sulfide	0	21.3	21.3	(0)
Ketones	0.28	7	7	(0.28)
Mercury	<0.45	<0.45	<0.45	(<0.45)
Methanol	1,095.57	11.8	9.1	(1,095.57)
Methyl ethyl ketone	7,067.62	666.8	317.5	(7,067.62)
Methyl isobutyl ketone	0.62	7	7	(0.62)
Methylene chloride	182.07	7	7	(182.07)
Naphthalene	0.41	7	7	(0.41)
Nickel	0.16	7	7	(0.16)
Nitrobenzene	0.05	7	7	(0.05)
2-Nitropropane	1.71	7	7	(1.71)
Phenol	2.23	7	7	(2.23)
Propylglycol methyl ether	7	7.3	7.3	7
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds (Continued)
Tetrachloroethylene	6.44	7	7	(6.44)
Toluene	465.29	14.0	4.5	(465.29)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane	7	45.0	44.5	7
1,1,2-Trichloroethane	3.78	7	7	(3.78)
Trichloroethene	1.56	7	7	(1.56)
Trichloroethylene	19.50	5.0	4.5	(19.50)
Triethylamine	0	7	7	(0)
Xylene	222.15	166.5	158.8	(222.15)

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. The Amarillo meteorological data for annual mean wind speed and direction for 1991 are presented in figure B.3.5-1 as a wind rose. As shown in this figure, the maximum wind direction frequency is from the south with a secondary maximum from the south-southwest. The mean wind speed from the south is 6.3 m/s (14.1 mph); from the south-southwest is 6.3 m/s (14.1 mph); while the maximum mean wind speed is 6.6 m/s (14.8 mph) from the west.

B.3.6 Los Alamos National Laboratory

This section provides information on climatology and meteorology, modeling assumptions, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speed and direction frequencies (figure B.3.6-1) at LANL. Table B.3.6-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at LANL. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. Figure B.3.6-1 shows annual mean wind speed and wind direction frequencies for 1991 measured at the 11.5-m (37-ft) level of the Technical Area (TA)-6 meteorological tower. Prevailing wind directions are from the south through northwest. The average annual wind speed measured is 2.8 m/s (6.3 mph) (LANL 1995s:II-11).

The average annual temperature at LANL is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F). In July, the average daily high temperature is 27.2 °C (81 °F), and the average nighttime low temperature is 12.8 °C (55 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 35 °C (95 °F). The average daily January high is 4.4 °C (40 °F), and the average nighttime low is -8.3 °C (17 °F). The lowest recorded temperature is -27.8 °C (-18 °F). The average monthly values of the dew point temperature range from -9.4 °C (15.0 °F) in January to 8.9 °C (48 °F) in August, when moist subtropical air invades the region. Fog is rare in Los Alamos, occurring on fewer than 5 days per year (LANL 1995s:II-11).

The average annual precipitation at LANL is 47.6 cm (18.7 in). Most of the annual precipitation falls during the months of July and August and usually occurs from convective storms. Snowfall averages nearly 150 cm (59 in). The maximum 24-hour rainfall is approximately 8.8 cm (3.5 in) (LANL 1995s:II-11).

The average annual temperature at the National Weather Service station at Albuquerque, NM, is 13.4 °C (56.2 °F); temperatures vary from an average daily minimum of -5.7 °C (21.7 °F) in January to an average daily maximum of 33.6 °C (92.5 °F) in July. Relative humidity readings taken four times per day range from 19 percent in April and May to 71 percent in January (NOAA 1994c:3).

The average annual precipitation is 22.6 cm (8.88 in). The maximum monthly precipitation recorded was 8.5 cm (3.33 in) in July 1968, while the maximum rainfall in a 24-hour period observed was recorded in September 1955 at 4.9 cm (1.92 in). The average annual snowfall is 28.2 cm (11.1 in); all measurements are from the Albuquerque National Weather Service station (NOAA 1994c:3). The average number of thunderstorm days per year is 58, with most occurring during the summer. The estimated probability of a tornado striking a point at LANL is 2x10 -5 per year (NRC 1986a:32). Historically, no tornadoes have been reported to have touched down in Los Alamos County (LANL 1993b:II-9).

Emission Rates. Table B.3.6-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at LANL. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Modeling Assumptions. Additional model input used to estimate maximum pollutant concentrations at or beyond the LANL site boundary include the following: criteria pollutant emissions were modeled from actual stack locations using actual stack heights, stack diameter, exit velocity, and exit temperature, taken from operating permits; toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions were modeled from a centrally located stack in the LANL facility at a height of 10 m (32.8 ft), stack diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft), exit velocity of 0.03 m/s (0.1 ft/s), and exit temperature equal to ambient temperature.

Table B.3.6-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Stewardship and Management Alternatives at
Los Alamos National Laboratory

Pollutant	2005 No Action (kg/yr)	Pit Fabrication (kg/yr)	Secondary and Case Fabrication (kg/yr)	High Explosives Fabrication (kg/yr)	Nonnuclear Fabrication (kg/yr)	Atlas Facility (kg/yr)	National Ignition Facility (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	21,583	7	4,500	4,536	8	7	460
Lead	26	7	100	7	7	<0.1	7
Nitrogen dioxide	55,314	7	117,000	22,680	7	7	1,910
Particulate matter	2,983	7	300	227	7	7	180
Sulfur dioxide	704.6	7	48,000	7	7	7	30
Total suspended particulates 9	2,983	7	300	227	7	7	180
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds
Acetic acid	537	7	7	7	7	7	7
Ammonia	799	7	7	454	7	7	7
2-Butoxyethanol	123	7	7	7	7	7	7
Chlorine	13	340	7	7	7	7	7
Chloroform	533	7	7	7	7	7	7
Ethyl acetate	89	7	7	7	7	7	7
Ethylene glycol	72	7	7	7	7	7	7
Formaldehyde	49	7	7	7	7	7	7
Heavy metals	114	7	7	7	7	7	7
Heptane (n-heptane)	1,849	7	7	7	7	7	7
Hexane (n-hexane)	77	7	7	7	7	7	7
Hydrogen chloride	638	11	7	113	7	7	7
Hydrogen fluoride (as F)	242	7	7	45.4	7	7	7
Isopropyl alcohol	539	7	7	7	7	<0.1	7
Kerosene	260	7	7	7	7	7	7
Methyl alcohol	589	7	7	7	7	7	7
Methyl ethyl ketone	1,864	7	7	22.7	7	7	7
Methylene chloride	1,104	a	7	7	7	7	7
Nickel	55	7	7	7	7	7	7
Nitric acid	661	7	7	7	7	7	7
Nitrogen oxide	428	7	7	7	7	7	7
Nonmethane hydrocarbons	2,893	7	7	7	7	7	7
Propane sultone	205	7	7	7	7	7	7
Stoddard solvent	264	7	7	7	7	7	7
Toluene	2,483	7	7	22.7	7	7	7
1, 1, 2-Trichloroethane	927	7	7	7	7	<0.1	7
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds (Continued)
Trichloroethylene	210	7	7	7	7	<0.1	7
Tungsten (as W) (insoluble)	109	7	7	7	7	7	7
VM&P naptha	613	7	7	7	7	7	7
Welding fumes	511	7	7	7	7	7	7
Xylene (o-, m-, p-isomers)	1,762	7	7	7	7	7	7

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. The TA-6 meteorological data for wind speed and direction for 1991 is presented in figure B.3.6-1 as a wind rose. As shown in this figure, the maximum wind direction frequency is from the west-northwest with a secondary maximum from the west. The mean wind speed from the west-northwest is 3.2 m/s (7.2 mph), which is also the maximum mean wind speed. The mean wind speed from the west is 3 m/s (6.7 mph).

B.3.7 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

This section provides information on climatology and meteorology, modeling assumptions, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speeds and direction frequencies (figures B.3.7-1 and B.3.7-2) at the Livermore Site and Site 300. Table B.3.7-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at the Livermore Site and Site 300. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. Figures B.3.7-1 and B.3.7-2 show annual mean wind speed and wind direction frequencies for 1991 measured at the 10-m (32.8-ft) level of the Livermore Site and Site 300 meteorological monitoring sites. Prevailing wind directions at the Livermore Site are from the south-southwest through west while at Site 300 the prevailing wind direction is from the west-southwest. The average annual wind speed measured at the Livermore Site is 2.5 m/s (5.7 mph) while at Site 300 the average annual wind speed is 5.9 m/s (13.1 mph).

The annual mean temperature at the Livermore Site is 12.5 °C (54.5 °F); temperatures range from a minimum of 0 °C (32 °F) in the winter to 38 °C (100.4 °F) in summer (LLNL 1993b:1-2).

The average annual precipitation at the Stockton, CA National Weather Service station is 35.4 cm (13.95 in). Most of the annual precipitation falls from October through April. Snowfall is rare in the Livermore Site area. The maximum 24-hour rainfall is approximately 7.65 cm (3.01 in). On the average, the area can expect thunderstorms about 3.1 days per year (NOAA 1994d:3).

The climate at Site 300, while generally similar to the Livermore Site, is modified by higher elevation and more pronounced relief. The temperature range is somewhat more extreme than the Livermore Site, and topography significantly influences surface wind patterns (LLNL 1993b:1-3).

Emission Rates. Table B.3.7-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at the Livermore Site and Site 300. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Modeling Assumptions. Additional model input used to estimate maximum pollutant concentrations at or beyond the site boundary include the following: criteria pollutant emissions were modeled from actual stack locations using actual stack heights, stack diameter, exit velocity, and exit temperature, taken from operating permits; toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions were modeled from a centrally located stack in the facility at a height of 10 m (32.8 ft), stack diameter of 0.3 m (1.0 ft), exit velocity of 0.03 m/s (0.1 ft/s), and exit temperature equal to ambient temperature.

Table B.3.7-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Stewardship and Management Alternatives at the Livermore Site and Site 300

	2005 No Action
Pollutant	Livermore Site (kg/yr)	Site 300 (kg/yr)	Secondary and Case Fabrication (kg/yr)	High Explosives Fabrication (kg/yr)	NonnuclearFabrication (kg/yr)	Contained Firing Facility (kg/yr) 10	National Ignition Facility (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Beryllium	0.002	0.279	12	12	11	-	12
Carbon monoxide	5,629	1,854	1000	113.4	11	-	430
Lead	0.0068	0.059	12	12	11/EM>	-	12
Nitrogen dioxide	32,450	8,576	1,900	249.5	11	-	1,790
Particulate matter 13	4,636	993	100	22.7	11	-	160
Sulfur dioxide	430	99	20	13.6	11	-	30
Total suspended particulates	4,636	993	3,200	22.7	11	-	160
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds
Acetone	818.7	45.4	12	12	11	-	12
Benzene	100.2	0.082	12	12	11	-	12
2-Butoxyethanol	153.8	12	12	12	11	-	12
Carbon tetrachloride	204.6	12	12	12	11	-	12
Chlorine	12	12	50	12	11	-	12
Chlorofluorocarbons	8,705.3	163.7	12	12	11	-	12
Chloroform	188.7	0.054	12	12	11	-	12
Ethanol	322.1	<0.45	12	12	11	-	12
Formaldehyde	53.52	1.91	12	12	11	-	12
Gasoline	12	367.1	12	12	11	-	12
Glycol ethers (other)	2.99	53.1	12	12	11	-	12
Hexane	59.4		12	12	11	-	12
Hydrogen chloride	64.4	60.2	1,600	45.4	11	-	12
Hydrogen fluoride	12	12	12	90.7	11	-	12
Hydrogen sulfide	12	12	12	12	11	-	12
Isopropyl alcohol	729.4	0.14	12	12	11	-	12
Methanol	949.37	12	4,500	12	11	-	12
Methyl ethyl ketone	338.4	0.27	12	6.8	11	-	12
Methylene chloride	133.81	1.72	12	12	11	-	12
Nephthalene	73.48	12	12	12	11	-	12
Nitric acid	12	12	2,300	12	11	-	12
Styrene	1,270.1	12	12	12	11	-	12
Sulfuric acid	12	12	600	12	11	-	12
Tetrohydrofuran	61.23	12	12	12	11	-	12
Toluene	384.65	18.44	12	12	11	-	12
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane	981.6	12	12	12	11	-	12
Trichloroethylene	175.99	3.63	12	12	11	-	12
Xylene	222.26	4.99	12	2.7	11	-	12

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. The 1991 meteorological data for wind speed and direction for the Livermore Site and Site 300 are presented in figures B.3.7-1 and B.3.7-2 as wind roses. As shown in the figures, the maximum wind direction frequency at the Livermore Site and Site 300 is from the southwest/west-southwest with a secondary maximum from the west-southwest/north-northwest. The mean wind speed from the southwest/west-southwest is 3.4/8.9 m/s (7.7/19.9 mph) and from the west-southwest/north-northwest is 3.0/6.3 m/s (6.7/14.1 mph).

B.3.8 Sandia National Laboratories

This section provides information on climatology and meteorology, modeling assumptions, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speeds and direction frequencies (figure B.3.8-1) at SNL. Table B.3.8-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at SNL. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. Figure B.3.8-1 shows annual mean wind speeds and wind direction frequencies for 1991 measured at the 10-m (32.8-ft) level of the Albuquerque National Weather Service station. Prevailing wind directions are from the north. The average annual wind speed measured is 4 m/s (9 mph).

The average annual temperature at SNL is 13.4 °C (56.2 °F); average daily temperatures vary from a minimum of -5.7 °C (21.7 °F) in January to a maximum of 33.6 °C (92.5 °F) in July (NOAA 1994c:3).

The average annual precipitation at SNL is 22.6 cm (8.88 in). Most of the annual precipitation falls during the months of July through October and usually occurs from thunderstorm activity and the intrusion of warm, moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. Snowfall averages nearly 28.2 cm (11.1 in). Snowfall has occurred from October through April. The maximum 24-hour rainfall was 4.9 cm (1.92 in) occurring in September 1955. On the average, the area can expect thunderstorms about 41 days per year (NOAA 1994c:3). The estimated probability of a tornado striking a point at SNL is 2.0x10 -5 per year (NRC 1986a:32).

Emission Rates. Table B.3.8-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at SNL. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Modeling Assumptions. Additional model input used to estimate maximum pollutant concentrations at or beyond the SNL site boundary include the following: criteria pollutant emissions were modeled from actual stack locations using actual stack heights, stack diameter, exit velocity, and exit temperature, taken from operating permits; toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions were modeled from a centrally located stack in the SNL facility at a height of 10 m (32.8 ft), stack diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft), exit velocity of 0.03 m/s (0.1 ft/s), and exit temperature equal to ambient temperature.

Table B.3.8-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Stewardship and Management Alternatives at Sandia National Laboratories

Pollutant	2005 No Action (kg/yr)	Nonnuclear Fabrication (kg/yr)	National Ignition Facility (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	23014	15	520
Nitrogen dioxide	1,070 14	15	2,150
Particulate matter	3,760 14	15	200
Sulfur dioxide	70 14	15	40
Total suspended particulates	15	15	15
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds
Acetone	247	15	15
Benzene	1.1	15	15
Carbon tetrachloride	2.7	15	15
Hydrogen chloride	3,227	15	15
Isopropyl alcohol	106	15	15
Methanol	108	15	15
Methyl chloroform	703	15	15
Methylene chloride	40	15	15
Toluene	546	15	15
Trichloroethylene	103	15	15
Trichlorotrifluoroethane	151	15	15
Xylene	580	15	15

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. The Albuquerque National Weather Service meteorological data for annual mean wind speed and direction for 1991 are presented in figure B.3.8-1 as a wind rose. As shown in this figure, the maximum wind direction frequency is from the north with a secondary maximum from the east and south. The mean wind speed from the north is 4.1 m/s (9.2 mph); from the south is 4.8 m/s (10.7 mph); while the maximum mean wind speed is 6.4 m/s (14.3 mph) from the east.

B.3.9 Nevada Test Site

This section provides information on climatology and meteorology, modeling assumptions, atmospheric dispersion characteristics, and annual mean wind speeds and direction frequencies (figure B.3.9-1) at NTS. Table B.3.9-1 presents emission source inventories for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at NTS. This information supports data presented in the environmental impacts section for air quality.

Climatology and Meteorology. Figure B.3.9-1 shows annual mean wind speed and wind direction frequencies for 1991 measured at the 10-m (32.8-ft) level of the Desert Rock, Nevada National Weather Service station. Prevailing winds are southerly during summer and northerly during winter. The general downward slope in the terrain from north to south results in an intermediate scenario that is reflected in the characteristic diurnal wind reversal from southerly winds during the day to northerly winds at night. This north-to-south reversal is strongest in the summer and, on occasion, becomes intense enough to override the wind regime associated with large-scale pressure systems.

Average annual wind speeds and direction vary with location. At higher elevations on Pahute Mesa, the average annual wind speed is 4.7 m/s (10.5 mph). The prevailing wind direction during winter months is north-northeasterly, and during summer months, is southerly. In Yucca Flat the average annual wind speed is 3.1 m/s (6.9 mph). The prevailing wind direction during winter months is north-northwesterly and during summer months is south-southwesterly. At Mercury, NV, the average annual wind speed is 3.6 m/s (8.1 mph), with northwesterly prevailing winds during the winter months and southwesterly winds during the summer months (NT DOE 1994b:2-16).

Elevation influences temperatures on NTS. At an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above mean sea level on Pahute Mesa, the average daily maximum/minimum temperatures are 4.4/-2.2 °C (40/28 °F) in January and 26.7/16.7 °C (80/62 °F) in July. In Yucca Flat, 1,195 m (3,920 ft) above mean sea level, the average daily maximum/minimum temperatures are 10.6/-6.1 °C (51/21 °F) in January and 35.6 /13.9 °C (96/57 °F) in July. The extreme temperatures at Mercury are 20.6/-11.1 °C (69/12 °F) in January and 42.8/15 °C (109/59 °F) in July (NT DOE 1993e:2-17,2-19).

The average annual temperature at the Las Vegas National Weather Service station is 19.5 °C (67.1 °F); average daily temperature varies from a minimum of 0.9 °C (33.6 °F) in January to a maximum of 41.1 °C (105.9 °F) in July. The average annual precipitation at the Las Vegas National Weather Service station is 10.5 cm (4.13 in) (NOAA 1994d:3). Annual precipitation in southern Nevada is very light and depends largely upon elevation. On NTS, the mesas receive an average annual precipitation of 23 cm (9 in), which includes winter snow accumulations. The lower elevations receive approximately 15 cm (6 in) of precipitation annually, with occasional snow accumulations lasting only a few days (NT DOE 1993e:2-17,2-19).

Precipitation usually falls in isolated showers with large variations in precipitation amounts within a shower area. Summer precipitation occurs mainly in July and August when intense heating of the ground below moist air masses triggers thunderstorm development. On rare occasions, a tropical storm will move northeastward from the west coast of Mexico, bringing heavy precipitation during September and/or October.

Wind speeds in excess of 27 m/s (60 mph), with gusts up to 48 m/s (107 mph), may be expected to occur on a 100-year return period. Other than temperature extremes, severe weather in the region includes occasional thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes, and sandstorms. Severe thunderstorms may produce high precipitation with durations of approximately 1 hour, and may create a potential for flash flooding (NT DOE 1983a:26). Tornadoes have been observed in the region but are infrequent. The estimated probability of a tornado striking a point at NTS is 3.0x10 -7 per year (NRC 1986a:32).

Emission Rates. Table B.3.9-1 presents the emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants at NTS. These emission rates were used as input into the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model, version 2, to estimate pollutant concentrations.

Modeling Assumptions. Additional model input used to estimate maximum pollutant concentrations at or beyond the NTS site boundary include the following: criteria pollutant emissions were modeled from actual stack locations using actual stack heights, stack diameter, exit velocity, and exit temperature, taken from operating permits; toxic/hazardous pollutant emissions were modeled from a centrally located stack in the NTS facility at a height of 10 m (32.8 ft), stack diameter of 0.3 m (1 ft), exit velocity of 0.03 m/s (0.1 ft/s), and exit temperature equal to ambient temperature.

Table B.3.9-1.-- Emission Rates for Proposed Stewardship and Management Alternatives at Nevada Test Site

Pollutant	2005 No Action 16 (kg/yr)	Assembly/ Disassembly (kg/yr)	National Ignition Facility (kg/yr)
Criteria Pollutant
Carbon monoxide	17	454	370
Hydrogen sulfide	17	17	17
Nitrogen dioxide	17	6,350	2,010
Particulate matter	86,820	136	80
Sulfur dioxide	71,125	6,804	4
Total suspended particulates	18	18	18
Hazardous and Other Toxic Compounds	17	17	17

Annual Mean Wind Speeds and Direction Frequencies. The NTS meteorological data for annual mean wind speed and direction for 1991 are presented in figure B.3.9-1 as a wind rose. As shown in this figure, the maximum wind direction frequency is from the northeast with a secondary maximum from the north-northeast. The mean wind speed from the northeast is 4.2 m/s (9.4 mph); from the north-northeast is 4.7 m/s (10.5 mph); while the maximum mean wind speed is 6.3 m/s (14.1 mph) from the south-southwest.

1

The NAAQS (40 CFR 50), other than those for ozone, particulate matter, lead, and those based on average annuals, are not to be exceeded more than once per year. The ozone standard is attained when the expected number of days per year with maximum hourly average concentrations above the standard is less than or equal to one. The 24-hour particulate matter standard is attained when the expected number of days with a 24-hour average concentration above the standard is less than or equal to one. The annual arithmetic mean particulate matter standar