4.8.3 Environmental Impacts

4.8.3.1 Land Resources

No Action. Under No Action, DOE would continue current and planned activities at SNL as described in section 3.2.8. No additional land-use impacts are anticipated at SNL beyond the effects of existing and future activities which are independent of the proposed action.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. The Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility at SNL would require no additional land acquisition. Modification of existing facilities and new construction at Technical Area I would be required to accommodate the new proposed activities. The new facilities at SNL would provide approximately 58,060 m² (625,000 ft² ) of work space and would be located within an undeveloped 9-ha (22-acre) area. The land to be developed represents approximately 6 percent of the land currently identified as available for development at SNL, but it is only a small portion of the land available for future development within SNL. An additional 5,110 m^{2 (55,000 ft2)} of support facility space would be located in existing buildings. The proposed nonnuclear fabrication activities would be compatible and consistent with current operations in the area and SNL land-use plans and policies. Impacts to land use or land use plans are not expected.

Sensitivity Analysis. SNL would be able to accommodate all operations and support functions for nonnuclear fabrication with modification of existing facilities. Modification of existing facilities to support base case production would be sufficient to maintain capacity for both the high and low production cases.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. Impacts to land use at and around SNL from the proposed NIF project would be limited to the clearing of land, minor and temporary disruptions to contiguous land parcels south of the proposed site from construction activities, and a slight increase in vehicular traffic. The proposed site for NIF would occupy a large parcel of flat, vacant land on the southern end of Technical Area II between East Ordinance Road and "R" Boulevard, and a small plot of land for temporary construction staging on the northern edge of Technical Area IV just south of "R" Boulevard. The proposed NIF project would require the clearing of an estimated 11 ha (28 acres) of land for buildings, walkways, building access and buffer space. Such acreage would account for approximately 7 percent of the land currently identified as available for development at SNL, but it represents only a small portion of the land available for future development within SNL. The project would be located in an area dedicated to similar land uses. No impacts to land use or land-use plans and policies at SNL, in Bernalillo County, the city of Albuquerque, or nearby communities would be expected.

Potential Mitigation Measures. No mitigation measures are anticipated.

4.8.3.2 Site Infrastructure

The SNL site infrastructure resources are capable of accommodating any of the alternatives for which it is a candidate with only moderate changes in the existing electrical and fuel resources. Table 4.8.3.2-1 presents a comparison of the annual operating infrastructure resource requirements for the alternatives of No Action, nonnuclear fabrication, and the proposed NIF. The No Action alternative would continue SNL's current mission objectives in the existing facilities without modification as described in section 3.2.8. Under the No Action alternative, the required site infrastructure resources would be unchanged relative to current resource consumption.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. SNL is being considered for the alternative of nonnuclear fabrication. Under this alternative, the majority of the ongoing nonnuclear production activities at KCP would be reconfigured and transferred to SNL, with a small portion going to LANL and possibly LLNL.

The nonnuclear fabrication alternative at SNL would result in a new stand-alone production site with four new production facilities, an office structure, and a central utilities building surrounded by a security fence. In addition, some existing buildings would require minor modifications to accept some functions associated with this action. The nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL would increase electrical energy usage and fuel (natural gas) consumption by approximately 20 percent relative to the No Action alternative.

SNL's electrical power distribution is by underground 15 kV (nominal) feeder loops. Dual feeders, each capable of carrying the entire load, would be run in new ductbanks and manholes to new double-ended unit substations in a new central plant on the site. The required power for the nonnuclear mission is greater than is usually available from the existing site loops and would most likely require a separate, dedicated, feeder loop from the utility substation. Natural gas is supplied by Kirtland Air Force Base and would be distributed, as required, to the nonnuclear fabrication facilities from the existing underground gas main.

The effect of not including reservoirs in the nonnuclear fabrication mission would not result in any significant reduction in the site infrastructure-related impacts at SNL since this activity only involves final reservoir assembly; primarily welding, along with final inspection, testing, packaging, and shipping. The only machining to be performed would be post-weld dressing. Final certification would include volume measurement and proof testing.

Sensitivity Analysis. The site infrastructure requirements given in table 4.8.3.2-1 reflect facility operating conditions for the production of a base case, multiple-shift, stockpile size. For the reduced stockpile size associated with the low case scenario, there would be a small (10-percent) reduction in the required floorspace and operating personnel. Transition to a high case stockpile size would result in about a 30- to 50-percent increase in these requirements. These deviations in the stockpile size would result in comparable changes in site infrastructure resource requirements.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. The proposed NIF alternative at SNL would result in the construction of six new buildings and ancillary facilities (i.e., access roads, parking facilities, and utility extensions). Infrastructure requirements would not exceed any utility resources available at SNL. The NIF mission would increase SNL's electrical energy consumption by approximately 22 percent, whereas the increase in fuel usage would be less than 1 percent relative to the No Action alternative.

Potential Mitigation Measures. No mitigation measures are anticipated.

4.8.3.3 Air Quality

No Action. No Action air quality utilizes estimated air emissions data from operations at SNL in 2005 assuming continuation of current site missions to calculate pollutant concentrations at or beyond the SNL site boundary. The emission rates for criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants for No Action are presented in table B.3.8-1. Table 4.8.3.3-1 presents the No Action pollutant concentrations calculated from the 2005 emission rates. In this table, pollutant concentrations are compared with applicable Federal and state regulations and guidelines. Concentrations are expected to remain within these standards.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. No new air pollutant waste streams will be generated by the nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL. Emissions from the additional nonnuclear fabrication missions at SNL will include exhausts from vehicles and small quantities of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, alcohols, and related chemistry. Process gases will be vented, but these consist only of naturally occurring atmospheric gases and vapors (i.e., nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, and water) and are not considered to be pollutants. Table 4.8.3.3-1 presents the concentrations of criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants resulting from No Action and nonnuclear fabrication. Concentrations of pollutants resulting from operation of nonnuclear fabrication added to No Action concentrations are expected to be within Federal and state regulations.

Table 4.8.3.3-1.-- Estimated Concentrations of Pollutants from No Action and Stockpile Stewardship and Management Alternatives at Sandia National Laboratories

Sensitivity Analysis. Impacts to air quality from either the low or high case scenario of the nonnuclear fabrication alternative would result in the same concentrations of criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants for the high and low case. The concentrations of pollutants for both cases are expected to be within applicable Federal and state regulations and guidelines.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. Operation of the proposed NIF would generate criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants resulting from the combustion of boiler fuel for heating, operation of diesel generators, and solvent cleaning processes. The emissions consist of PM10, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, and VOCs. Boiler fuel is assumed to be natural gas. Emission rates of criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants for annual operation of the proposed NIF are presented in table B.3.8-1. Table 4.8.3.3-1 presents the concentrations of criteria and toxic/hazardous pollutants resulting from No Action and those generated from operation of the proposed NIF. Concentrations of pollutants resulting from operation of the proposed NIF added to No Action concentrations are expected to be within Federal and state regulations.

Potential Mitigation Measures. No mitigation measures are anticipated for the nonnuclear fabrication and the proposed NIF at SNL.

4.8.3.4 Water Resources

Environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of the potential stockpile stewardship and management facilities at SNL could affect surface and groundwater resources. All water required for construction or operation would be supplied from local groundwater resources at Kirtland Air Force Base. The proposed sites for the facilities would be outside the 100- and 500-year floodplains. A description of the proposed functions to be transferred to SNL is presented in sections 3.3 and 3.4. Table 4.8.3.4-1 presents existing surface and groundwater resources and the potential changes to water resources at SNL resulting from the proposed alternatives. The total site water resource requirement for each alternative including No Action are displayed in this table.

Surface Water

No Action. Under No Action, no impacts to surface water resources are anticipated because there are no surface water withdrawals or demands. No construction would occur under No Action; therefore, no additional construction water would be used or discharged. Current operation wastewater discharges of 757 MLY (200 MGY) are expected to remain the same in 2005. Treated wastewater effluent would be monitored to comply with the city of Albuquerque's Sewer Use and Wastewater Control Ordinance. No impacts to surface or surface water quality are expected.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. No surface water would be used for construction and modification activities or operation. An additional 6.5 MLY (1.7 MGY) of wastewater would be generated by the construction and modification activities of the nonnuclear fabrication facilities. This wastewater increase represents less than 1 percent over the projected sanitary wastewater generation rate. During operation an additional 291 MLY (76.9 MGY) of wastewater would be generated. This wastewater discharge represents a 38.5-percent increase over projected sanitary wastewater generation. A stormwater pollution prevention plan would be prepared and implemented to minimize soil erosion, sedimentation, and contamination of stormwater. During construction and operation, all wastewater would be collected, treated, and discharged to the city of Albuquerque sewer systems. Treated wastewater would be monitored to meet or exceed standards of the city of Albuquerque's Sewer Use and Wastewater Control Ordinance. There would be no new wastewater streams added or special waste handling capability required. There would be no impacts to surface water quality because all wastewater would be discharged to the city of Albuquerque's sewer systems. There would be no change in stormwater runoff due to this alternative. Adverse impacts to surface water are not expected. Nonnuclear fabrication facilities would be located in portions of Technical Areas I and II that are determined to be above the 500-year floodplain.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. Construction of the proposed NIF would be expected to have minor to negligible effects on water quality. A stormwater pollution prevention plan would be prepared and implemented to minimize soil erosion, sedimentation, and contamination of stormwater. During operation of NIF, wastewater discharge would be expected to increase by about 18 MLY (4.8 MGY). Wastewater discharges would have to meet all Kirtland Air Force Base and the city of Albuquerque discharge requirements. Appropriate measures would be taken to comply with stormwater discharge regulations associated with construction activities under the CWA.

Table 4.8.3.4-1.--Potential Changes to Water Resources from Stockpile Stewardship and Management Alternatives at Sandia National Laboratories

Groundwater

No Action. Under No Action, baseline conditions and operations, described in section 4.8.2.4, would continue at SNL, and the current groundwater amount of 970 MLY (256 MGY) would increase to 1,390 MLY (367 MGY) by 2005. Groundwater would continue to be withdrawn from local groundwater sources, but no additional impacts to groundwater quality are anticipated because there are no direct discharges to groundwater.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. Water requirements for the modification, construction, and operation of the nonnuclear fabrication facilities would be supplied from local groundwater sources at Kirtland Air Force Base. During the modification and construction phase, approximately 0.7 MLY (0.18 MGY) of groundwater would be required. This amount is less than 0.1 percent of the projected SNL groundwater withdrawal of 1,390 MLY (367 MGY) from the Kirtland Air Force Base wells. It is anticipated that an additional 893 MLY (236 MGY) of water would be required to operate the facilities. This amount is an increase of approximately 64-percent over No Action water requirements, but only comprises 29 percent of the Kirtland Air Force Base groundwater rights of 7,900 MLY (2,090 MGY). Adverse impacts to groundwater are not expected.

Groundwater Quality. No process wastes would be discharged directly to the groundwater and all wastewater discharges would be monitored to comply with NPDES permit and other applicable discharge requirements. Given normal safeguards and precautions, no adverse impacts to groundwater quality are expected.

Sensitivity Analysis. All effluent is discharged to the city of Albuquerque; therefore, both the high and low case production scenario for nonnuclear fabrication would have no impacts to surface water quality. Groundwater or groundwater quality would not be affected by the high or low case stockpile requirement for nonnuclear fabrication at SNL.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. During construction of the proposed NIF, approximately 3 MLY (0.8 MGY) of additional groundwater would be required. Approximately 152 MLY (40.2 MGY) of additional groundwater would be required during operation of NIF, increasing the water use at SNL by 11 percent over No Action.

Groundwater Quality. No process wastes would be discharged directly to the groundwater, and all wastewater discharges would be monitored to comply with NPDES permit and other applicable discharge requirements. Given normal safeguards and precautions, no adverse impacts to groundwater quality are expected.

Potential Mitigation Measures. No mitigation measures for the stockpile stewardship and management alternatives at SNL are anticipated.

4.8.3.5 Geology and Soils

The proposed alternatives for SNL would have no adverse impact on geological resources described in section 4.8.2.5. Although a moderate seismic risk exists for new facilities, this would be considered in the design of the structures. The existing seismic risk does not preclude safe construction and operation of the proposed project facilities. Control measures would be used to minimize any soil erosion. Impacts would depend on the extent of land disturbing activities and the amount of soil disturbed. Potential changes to geology and soils associated with the proposed alternatives at SNL are discussed below.

No Action. Under No Action, DOE would continue current and planned activities at SNL. Any impacts to geology and soils would be independent of and unaffected by the proposed action.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. Construction activities would not affect geologic conditions. Designs of the new 58,060 m2 (625,000 ft2) facility would ensure that it would not be adversely affected by geologic conditions. The properties and conditions of the soils in the proposed project area place no limitations on the construction or safe operation of project facilities.

The area of land disturbance for nonnuclear fabrication at SNL is approximately 9 ha (22 acres). Part of the construction required for the new Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility includes parking spaces in the form of ground-level, uncovered, paved lots. SNL's practice is to use parking lots as construction staging areas for both material and office trailers and to pave the lots as one of the last construction activities. Further, the new buildings are proposed to be slab-on-grade for the first level, and the proposed construction site is relatively flat and unobstructed, which would minimize the amount of land required for cut-and-fill operations during construction. For modification and renovation of existing buildings, staging activities would use the same operations and staging areas that were used during previous renovations.

Disturbance could occur at building, parking, and construction laydown areas, leading to a possible temporary increase in erosion as a result of stormwater runoff and wind action. Soil losses would depend on frequency of storms; wind velocities; size and location of the facilities with respect to drainage and wind patterns; slopes, shape, and area of the tracts of ground disturbed; and whether the soil is bare, particularly during the construction period. Appropriate erosion and sediment control measures would be used to minimize any soil loss.

Net soil disturbance during operations would be less than for construction, because areas temporarily used for laydown would be paved. Although erosion from stormwater runoff and wind action could occur occasionally during operation, it is anticipated to be minimal.

There are no known active faults that cross the area of the proposed facilities. The Tijeras and Sandia faults, located in the eastern portion of SNL, are regarded as the most probable sources for seismic activity in the vicinity of the proposed facilities. The location of active faults and the associated potential ground rupture would be considered in the design of facilities. All facilities would be designed for earthquake-generated ground acceleration in accordance with DOE O 420.1, and accompanying safety guides. Major seismic activity and associated mass movement and subsidence are unlikely to occur during the construction or operational phases, because seismic activity in the region is generally of low intensity and magnitude (see section 4.8.2.5). Hazards resulting from the return of volcanism are unlikely (see section 4.8.2.5). Potential health impacts from accidents associated with geological hazards are discussed in section 4.8.3.9.

Sensitivity Analysis. The high or low case operation scenario would not affect geology and soils.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. The construction and operation of the proposed NIF at SNL would not adversely affect geological resources. NIF would require the clearing of an estimated 11 ha (28 acres) of land for buildings, walkways, building access, and buffer space (see appendix I). Soil impacts during construction would be short term and minor with appropriate standard construction erosion and sediment control measures. Net soil disturbance during operation would be less than for construction because areas temporarily used for laydown would be restored. Seismic risks would be taken into account during construction and operation of NIF.

Potential Mitigation Measures. No mitigation measures for the stockpile stewardship and management alternatives at SNL are anticipated.

4.8.3.6 Biotic Resources

The following section addresses impacts to terrestrial resources, wetlands, aquatic resources, and threatened and endangered species. Construction and operation of nonnuclear fabrication mission facilities and the proposed NIF would result in a loss of terrestrial habitat. Nonnuclear fabrication mission facilities may also impact special status species.

No Action. Under No Action, the selected nonnuclear fabrication and stewardship R&D missions described in section 3.2.8 would continue at SNL. This would result in no changes to current biotic resource conditions at the site as described in section 4.8.2.6.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication

Terrestrial Resources. While the nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL would use some space in existing buildings, approximately 9 ha (22 acres) would be required for construction of new facilities. The area to be developed is located just east of Technical Area I and is characterized as grassland. Grassland is a common plant community type in the area. Animal species within the disturbed area would be either destroyed or displaced depending upon whether they were able to move from the area. For example, many reptiles and small mammals, as well as nests and young birds, would likely be destroyed, while larger mammals and birds would be able to leave the area. Wildlife may also be disturbed by the increased level of human activity associated with the project.

Wetlands. There are no wetlands on or near the proposed site for the location of the nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL. Wetlands would not be affected by construction or operation of new nonnuclear fabrication facilities.

Aquatic Resources. There is no natural aquatic habitat on or near the proposed site for the location of the nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL. Aquatic resources would not be affected by construction or operation of new nonnuclear fabrication facilities.

Threatened and Endangered Species. There would be no Federal-listed threatened or endangered species affected by construction and operation of new nonnuclear fabrication facilities at SNL. Considering that grassland habitat is the prevalent plant community type in the site area, the Federal-candidate mountain plover (Charadrius montanus) could potentially exist onsite. This bird species could lose possible nesting and foraging habitat as a result of site development. Preactivity surveys would need to be conducted prior to construction in order to determine if any special status species are present on or near the site.

Sensitivity Analysis. While implementation of a low case workload would not alter impacts to biological resources, the high case workload would result in a slight increase in the disturbed grassland area.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility

Terrestrial Resources. The proposed NIF would be located within a disturbed grassland area of Technical Area II. Construction of new facilities would require 11 ha (28 acres). Proper erosion and sediment control measures would reduce the potential for disturbance of habitat adjacent to the construction area. Animal species within the disturbed area would be either destroyed or displaced, depending upon whether they were able to move from the area. For example, many reptiles and small mammals, as well as nests and young birds, would likely be destroyed, while larger mammals and birds would be able to leave the area. Wildlife may also be disturbed by the increased level of human activity associated with the project.

Wetlands. The proposed NIF site does not contain, nor is it located near, wetlands. The construction and operation of the proposed NIF is not expected to adversely impact this resource.

Aquatic Resources. The proposed NIF site does not contain, nor is it located near, aquatic resources. The construction and operation of the proposed NIF is not expected to adversely impact this resource.

Threatened and Endangered Species. Adverse impacts to special status species are not expected from the construction or operation of the proposed NIF at SNL due to the lack of suitable habitat and the disturbed nature of the proposed site. A site survey may be required to determine the presence of any special status species.

Potential Mitigation Measures. Minimization of the area to be disturbed, revegetation with native species, and implementation of a soil erosion and sediment control plan would help to lessen short- and long-term impacts to terrestrial species and habitats. Disturbance to wildlife living in areas adjacent to management and stewardship facilities may be minimized by preventing workers from entering undisturbed areas. It may be necessary to survey the site for the nests of migratory birds prior to construction and to avoid clearing operations during the breeding season. If any threatened or endangered species occur on the site, specific mitigation measures would be developed in conjunction with the USFWS.

4.8.3.7 Cultural and Paleontological Resources

For the discussion of impacts, the term cultural resources includes prehistoric, historic, and Native American resources. Cultural and paleontological resources may be affected directly through ground disturbance, building modifications, visual intrusion of the project to the historic setting, or environmental context of historic sites, visual and noise intrusions to Native American resources, reduced access to traditional use areas, and unauthorized artifact collecting and vandalism. Some NRHP-eligible historic sites may be affected by the proposed action. All of the undisturbed DOE-owned properties at SNL were surveyed for cultural resources between 1989 and 1991. No significant resources were found. However, it is possible that buried archaeological remains are present and that some of the SNL facilities may be NRHP eligible based on their historical or architectural significance (SNL 1993c:1-6). The SNL Sitewide Hydrogeologic Characterization project reports that no important paleontological remains have been recovered from deposits on SNL (apendix I).

No Action. Under No Action, DOE would continue existing and planned missions at SNL as described in section 3.2.8. Any impacts to cultural or paleontological resources would be independent of and unaffected by the proposed action.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. This alternative would involve renovation and modification of existing facilities at SNL and the construction of a new stand alone production facility. New construction would be located on available undeveloped land directly east of Technical Area I. Although no NRHP-eligible resources were identified during a pedestrian survey of the proposed nonnuclear fabrication area, the potential for subsurface prehistoric and historic resources exists. In 1989, the Quivira Research Center identified two prehistoric lithic and ceramic scatters in a Kirtland Air Force Base management area adjacent to the proposed project area. Both of these sites are on the southern bank of the Tijeras Arroyo. It is also possible that some of the buildings involved may be NRHP eligible. NRHP-eligible resources would be identified during project-specific surveys and evaluations. Some important Native American and paleontological resources may be affected by the proposed alternative. Any project related effects would be addressed in tiered NEPA documentation.

Sensitivity Analysis. The high and low case scenarios have the same impacts to cultural and paleontological resources. The base case production facilities for the nonnuclear fabrication mission operation would accommodate the high and low case production scenarios.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. If the proposed NIF were to be located at SNL, it would require the construction of six buildings on a currently undeveloped tract of 11 ha (28 acres) in Technical Area II. Pedestrian surveys indicate that no prehistoric or historic sites or standing structures exist within the proposed NIF location. The Isleta Pueblo has not identified any important Native American resources nor have important paleontological remains been recovered from deposits in the proposed NIF location. No impacts to cultural or paleontological resources are anticipated from construction and operation of the proposed NIF.

Potential Mitigation Measures. If project design or siting would result in adverse effects to NRHP-eligible sites, then a Memorandum of Agreement would need to be negotiated among DOE, the New Mexico SHPO, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. The Memorandum of Agreement would formalize mitigation measures agreed to by these consulting parties. Mitigation measures could include describing and implementing intensive inventory and evaluation studies, data recovery plans, site treatments, and monitoring programs. The appropriate level of data recovery for mitigation would be determined through consultation with the New Mexico SHPO and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Mitigation measures for specific NRHP-eligible sites would be identified during tiered NEPA documentation.

If Native American resources cannot be avoided through project design or siting, then acceptable mitigation measures to reduce project effects on them would be determined in consultation with the affected Native American groups. In accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, such mitigations may include, but would not be limited to, appropriately relocating human remains, planting vegetation screens to reduce visual or noise intrusion, increasing access to traditional use areas during operation, or transplanting or harvesting important Native American plant resources.

Because scientifically important buried paleontological materials could be affected, paleontological monitoring of construction activities and data recovery of fossil remains would be appropriate mitigation measures.

4.8.3.8 Socioeconomics

No Action. Under No Action, the existing missions at SNL, as described in section 3.2.8, would continue. No new employment or in-migration of workers would be required. Projections of regional economy and employment rates, population and housing statistics, and public finance characteristics are presented in appendix D.

Regional Economy and Employment. Total employment in the regional economic area is projected to increase by less than 2 percent annually between 1995 and 2000, reaching approximately 420,900 in the latter year. Long-range projections show employment growth averaging slightly above 1 percent annually between 2001 and 2020, and then slowing to less than 1 percent between 2021 and 2030 when total employment reaches 563,880. Site employment for SNL is expected to be 7,341 in 2005. The unemployment rate in the regional economic area was 5.7 percent in 1994 and is expected to remain at this level into the near future. Per capita income is projected to increase from approximately $17,676 in 1995 to $25,867 in 2030.

Population and Housing. Annual ROI county and city population and housing increases are projected to average about 2 percent between 1996 and 2005. Annual increases between 2006 and 2030 are expected to average approximately 1 percent. Population in the ROI is estimated to increase from 653,100 in 1995 to 955,600 in 2030. The total number of housing units in the ROI is projected to increase from 267,700 to 391,800 during the same period.

Public Finance. Between 2000 and 2005, all ROI county, city, and school district total revenues are projected to increase at an annual average of less than 1.6 percent. Total expenditures are projected to increase at an annual average of less than 1.5 percent during the same period. These rates of increase should continue until 2030.

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication

Regional Economy and Employment. Construction-related activities for the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility would require 379 direct workers during the peak construction year, and would generate 421 indirect jobs in the regional economic area. As a result of the construction and modification activities, total employment in the SNL regional economic area would increase by less than 1 percent. Regional unemployment would fall from the No Action estimate of 5.7 percent to approximately 5.5 percent. Per capita income in the SNL regional economic area would increase very slightly over No Action projections as a result of constructing the facility.

Facility operation-related employment at SNL would begin phasing in as the construction phase neared completion. Operation of the facility in the base case surge mode would require 1,160 direct jobs, and would generate 1,350 additional indirect jobs in the regional economic area. As a result of the operation of the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility, total employment in the SNL regional economic area would increase by less than 1 percent. Regional unemployment would fall from the 5.7 percent No Action estimate to approximately 5.2 percent. Per capita income for the SNL regional economic area would increase by less than 1 percent over No Action projections. Changes in employment and per capita income resulting from the operation of the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility are shown in figure 4.8.3.8-1.

Population and Housing. Population in the SNL ROI during peak construction would not increase over No Action projections. Enough workers would be available in the regional economic area and ROI to fill all of the direct and indirect jobs generated by the construction of the facility.

There are not enough available workers to fill all of the direct operation jobs. Approximately 145 workers would in-migrate to fill new positions at the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility. Changes in the ROI population over No Action during full operation at SNL are shown in figure 4.8.3.8-2. Vacant housing would be sufficient to house in-migrating workers and their families.

Public Finance. Construction of the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility would not require in-migrating workers. Therefore, changes to local finances compared to No Action projections would be attributed to income increases and would be negligible.

Changes in revenues and expenditures compared to No Action projections due to operation of the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility with reservoirs at SNL are shown in figure 4.8.3.8-3. In 2005, the percent increase in total ROI revenues and expenditures over No Action projections would be negligible (less than 0.1 percent).

Nonnuclear Fabrication Without Reservoirs

The option of terminating the reservoir production mission at SNL would result in 56 fewer direct operations jobs. There would be less in-migration than in the nonnuclear fabrication with reservoirs alternative. This would result in slightly smaller increases in regional economy, population and housing, and public finance than occurred in the nonnuclear fabrication with reservoirs base case surge alternative.

Sensitivity Analysis. There would be no change in the number of construction workers required to complete the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility for either the high or low case. Operation of the facility at the high case level, would require the same number of workers and would have the same socioeconomic effects as the base case surge level. For the low case, worker requirements would decrease, causing slightly lower increases in regional economy, population and housing, and public finance than occurred in the base case surge level. These changes would be negligible.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. The following is a summary of the socioeconomic effects of construction of the proposed NIF at SNL. See appendix I for a more detailed, project-specific discussion.

Regional Economy and Employment. Construction of the proposed NIF would require 280 construction workers during the peak year of construction, and would generate approximately 1,490 additional indirect jobs in the regional economic area. Employment for operation would begin phasing in as the construction phase neared completion. Operation of the facility would require 330 direct workers, and would generate 340 additional indirect jobs in the regional economic area. Construction and operation of NIF would have only minimal effects on the regional economy and employment.

Population and Housing. Both construction and operation of the facility would require workers and their families to in-migrate to the ROI. This in-migration would cause a slight increase in the population of the ROI. Vacant housing in the ROI is sufficient to handle these increases.

Public Finance. Both revenues and expenditures would increase as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed NIF. Increases due to construction would peak in 1998 and then decline as construction neared completion in 2002. Increases due to operation of the facility would peak in 2003 and continue through the duration of NIF operation.

Potential Mitigation Measures. No mitigation measures are anticipated.

4.8.3.9 Radiation and Hazardous Chemical Environment

This section describes the radiological and hazardous chemical releases and their associated impacts, which could result from No Action and the proposed alternatives at SNL. Within this section, impacts resulting from the base case scenario are quantitatively discussed, and a sensitivity analysis of the high and low case scenarios is qualitatively discussed.

Summaries of the prevailing radiological impacts at SNL to the public and to workers associated with normal operation are presented in tables 4.8.3.9-1 and 4.8.3.9-2, respectively. Accident impacts are given in table 4.8.3.9-3. The impact assessment methodology is described in section 4.1.9, and further supplementary methodological information is presented in appendixes E and F.

Normal Operation. There would be no radiological releases during the construction or modification of any facilities to support the Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program. However, limited hazardous chemical releases (e.g., small spills of diesel fuel from equipment refueling) may occur due to construction activities for the base case scenario and may increase slightly for the high case scenario. The concentration of these releases is expected to be well within the regulated exposure limits and would not result in any adverse health effects.

Water from processes containing hazardous chemicals is not discharged directly into surface water or groundwater that serves as potable water. Process water that may contain hazardous chemicals is treated before discharge to the city of Albuquerque sewer system. Furthermore, state-permitted discharges of stormwater to surface impoundment (lagoons) which can be attributed to the activities associated with normal operation and operation of the stockpile stewardship and management alternatives at SNL are expected to be below New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission Regulations limits. Water quality would not be adversely affected. Thus, the primary pathway considered for the public and the onsite worker is the air pathway.

For normal operation at SNL, all possible hazardous chemicals were examined for further analysis based on their toxicity, concentration, and frequency of use. The HI is a summation of the HQ for all chemicals. The HQ is the value used as an assessment of noncancer toxic effects of chemicals (e.g., kidney or liver dysfunction). It is independent of cancer risk, which is calculated only for those chemicals identified as carcinogens. The HI was calculated for the No Action chemicals and all alternative chemicals proposed to be added (the increment) at the site to yield cumulative levels for the site. An HI of 1.0 indicates that all noncancer exposure values meet OSHA standards; if the cancer risk is 1x10-6 (the default value, not a regulatory standard), no further analysis is indicated. A cancer risk of 1x10-6 is considered acceptable by EPA (40 CFR 300.430) because this incidence of cancers cannot be distinguished from the cancer risk for an individual member of the population. Information pertaining to OSHA-regulated exposure limits and toxicity profiles for all hazardous chemicals described in this PEIS may be found in the Chemical Health Effects Technical Reference (TTI 1996b).

No Action

Radiological Impacts. Radiological impacts to the public resulting from the No Action alternative are presented in table 4.8.3.9-1. These impacts are representative of the aggregated total which is estimated to exist from all future baseline operational contributions. Total impacts are provided to compare with applicable regulations governing total site operations. To place doses to the public from the No Action alternative into perspective, comparisons are made to natural background radiation. As shown in table 4.8.3.9-1, the total dose to the maximally exposed member of the public from annual total site operations is within radiological limits and would be 1.6x10-3 mrem for the No Action alternative. The annual population dose within 80 km (50 mi) in 2030 would be 0.027 person-rem.

Table 4.8.3.9-1.-- Potential Radiological Impacts to the Public Resulting from Normal Operation of Stockpile Stewardship Alternatives at Sandia National Laboratories

Total site doses to onsite workers from normal operation for the No Action alternative are presented in table 4.8.3.9-2. The estimated average annual dose to the entire facility workforce for this alternative would be 11 person-rem. The presented noninvolved worker values were not modeled due to the unavailability of certain site-specific information.

Based on the radiological impacts associated with normal operation under the No Action alternative, all resulting doses would be within radiological limits and are well below levels of natural background radiation. The associated risks of adverse health effects to the public and to workers would be small.

Hazardous Chemical Impacts. Hazardous chemical impacts to the public and onsite workers resulting from normal operation under No Action at SNL are presented below. Analyses used to support the values presented in this section are provided in appendix table E.3.4-26. This PEIS does not purport to provide the level of detail needed to go beyond a conservative screening process for hazardous chemicals. As such, the analysis in this PEIS for the No Action alternative should not be relied upon as a basis for judging the sites as having a hazardous health concern. The model used to calculate HI and cancer risk in this PEIS only establishes a baseline for comparison of alternatives among sites. The baseline is then used to determine the extent to which each alternative adds or subtracts from the No Action HI and cancer risk to the public at each site.

The HI for the maximally exposed member of the public at SNL resulting from normal operation under the No Action alternative would be 2.31x10-3 and the cancer risk would be zero. The HI for the onsite worker would be 1.04x10-5 and the cancer risk would be zero.

The HIs for the public and for the onsite worker are within the acceptable health levels. The cancer risks to the public and the onsite worker are within the EPA default value of 1x10-6 .

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication

Radiological Impacts. There are no radiological impacts associated with this alternative.

Hazardous Chemical Impacts. Hazardous chemical impacts for the public and for the onsite worker resulting from normal operation due to the nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL are presented below. The HI and cancer risk would remain constant over 25 years of operation, provided exposures remain the same. Analyses to support the values presented in this section are provided in appendix table E.3.4-27.

The incremental HI for the maximally exposed member of the public would be 1.02x10-4 and the incremental cancer risk would be 1.65x10-7 as a result of the nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL. The incremental HI for the onsite worker would be 1.60x10-4 and the incremental cancer risk would be 1.10x10-5 as a result of the nonnuclear fabrication alternative.

Table 4.8.3.9-2.--Potential Radiological Impacts to Workers Resulting from Normal Operation of Stockpile Stewardship Alternatives at Sandia National Laboratories

Total site operations of the nonnuclear fabrication mission would result in HIs for the public (2.41x10-3) and the onsite worker (1.70x10-4) that are within acceptable health levels. The cancer risks for the public (1.65x10-7) are within the default value. The cancer risks to the onsite worker (1.10x10-5) somewhat exceed the default value of 1x10-6 due to emissions of trichloroethylene under the nonnuclear fabrication mission at SNL.

It is likely that emissions of hazardous chemicals would not increase, and may slightly decrease, as a result of implementing the option of not including reservoirs in the nonnuclear fabrication alternative at SNL. Therefore, no effects on the existing HI and cancer risk impacts for the public and onsite workers are expected.

Sensitivity Analysis. Operations under the low case scenario for nonnuclear fabrication are expected to reduce hazardous chemical emissions by up to 50 percent at SNL and, therefore, would likely reduce the HIs and cancer risks for the public and the onsite worker.

Operations under the high case scenario for nonnuclear fabrication may result in up to a 4-fold increase in the emissions of hazardous chemicals at SNL. The HI for the public and the onsite worker should remain within the cumulative HQ screening level of 1.0 (the HI). Cancer risks for the public are well within the default value of 1x10-6 and would not exceed this level under the high case scenario. Since cancer risk impacts for the onsite workers already exceed the EPA default value, operations under the high case scenario would further contribute to the adverse cancer risk impacts.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility

Radiological Impacts. Radiological impacts to the public resulting from normal operation of the proposed NIF for the enhanced option scenario are presented in table 4.8.3.9-1. These impacts are representative of the aggregate total which is estimated to exist from all future baseline operational SNL contributions and from enhanced option operations of the proposed NIF at the site. Total impacts are provided to compare with applicable regulations governing total site operations. To place doses to the public from this alternative into perspective, comparisons are made to natural background radiation. As shown in table 4.8.3.9-1, the total dose to the maximally exposed member of the public from annual total site operations is within radiological limits and would be 5.6x10-3 mrem for this alternative. The annual population dose within 80 km (50 mi) in 2030 would be 0.23 person-rem.

Total site doses to onsite workers from normal operation of the proposed NIF are presented in table 4.8.3.9-2. The average annual dose to involved workers for this alternative would be 30 mrem. The dose to the entire facility workforce (involved workforce) would be 8.0 person-rem. The presented total dose to noninvolved workers was not modeled due to the unavailability of certain site-specific information.

Based on the radiological impacts associated with normal operation of this alternative, all resulting doses would be within radiological limits and are well below levels of natural background radiation. The associated risks of adverse health effects to the public and to workers would be small.

Hazardous Chemical Impacts. No hazardous chemical impacts are expected from operation of the proposed NIF (see appendix I). Therefore, the HI and cancer risk to the public and the onsite worker were not calculated nor assessed.

Potential Mitigation Measures. Mitigation measures such as substituting less toxic solvents and chemicals or modifying processes are proposed to reduce or eliminate the emissions of trichloroethylene due to site operations. Radioactive airborne emissions to the general population and onsite exposures to workers could be reduced by implementing the latest technology for process and design improvements. For example, to reduce public exposure from emissions, improved building and work area control methods could be used to remove radioactivity from the releases to the environment. Similarly, the use of remote, automated, and robotic production methods are examples of techniques that are being developed that would reduce worker exposure (see section 3.5).

Facility Accidents. The proposed actions have the potential for accidents that may impact the health and safety of workers and the public. The potential for and associated consequences of reasonably foreseeable accidents that have been assessed are summarized in this section.

No Action. Under the No Action alternative, nonnuclear fabrication and stewardship R&D would continue to be performed at SNL with no changes to facilities and operations. Under existing conditions, potential accidents and their consequences have been addressed in facility safety documentation according to requirements in DOE orders. In addition, there are other facilities at SNL besides those for nonnuclear fa brication and stewardship R&D. The potential for accidents at these other facilities has been similarly addressed and documented.

Management Alternatives. This section provides accident information on the nonnuclear fabrication alternative for SNL.

Nonnuclear Fabrication. The impacts of potential accidents associated with nonnuclear fabrication activities at SNL were previously addressed in Nonnuclear Consolidation Environmental Assessment (DOE/EA-0792, June 1993) where it was determined that the then current accident profile would not change as a result of the relocation of nonnuclear fabrication functions to SNL. The present proposed action to transfer the nonnuclear fabrication mission to SNL is not expected to change the accident profile that presently exists at the site.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. Studies of potential accidents associated with the proposed NIF have been performed. A bounding accident was postulated based on a preliminary hazard analysis. The bounding accident assumes a severe earthquake of 1 G horizontal ground acceleration occurring during a maximum-credible-yield fusion experiment. Beamlines streaking into the target chamber and building structures other than the target area building would fail during the postulated earthquake. The collapsed beamlines and building structures would provide a pathway for acute atmospheric releases of tritium from the tritium processing system, activated gases in the air, and activated material in the target chamber.

The frequency of this severe earthquake is estimated at 1x10-4 per year. The joint frequency of the severe earthquake during the maximum-credible-yield fusion experiment would be less than 2x10-8 per year. The radiological impacts of the accident, presented in table 4.8.3.9-3, were estimated using the GENII computer code.

Table 4.8.3.9-3.--Consequences and Risk of the Bounding Proposed National Ignition Facility Accident at Sandia National Laboratories

4.8.3.10 Waste Management

This section summarizes the impacts on waste management at the Albuquerque location of SNL under No Action and for each of the proposed alternatives. There is no spent nuclear fuel, HLW, or TRU waste associated with nonnuclear fabrication or the proposed NIF; therefore, there is no further discussion of these wastes at SNL. Table 4.8.3.10-1 lists the projected waste generation rates and treatment, storage, and disposal capacities under No Action. Projections for No Action were derived from 1994 environmental data, with the appropriate adjustments made for those changing operational requirements where the volume of wastes generated are identifiable. The projection does not include wastes from future, yet uncharacterized, environmental restoration activities.

Table 4.8.3.10-2 provides the total estimated operational waste volumes projected to be generated at SNL as a result of the nonnuclear fabrication alternative and the NIF alternative. The net increase over No Action is shown in the table in parentheses. The waste volumes generated from the alternatives and the resultant waste effluent used in the impact analysis can be found in table 3.4.2.5-3 for nonnuclear fabrication and table 3.3.2.2-3 for NIF. Facilities that would support the Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program would treat and package all waste generated into forms that would enable long-term storage and/or disposal in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act, RCRA, and other applicable statutes as outlined in appendix section H.1.2.

No Action. Under No Action, TRU, low-level, mixed, hazardous, and nonhazardous wastes would continue to be generated at SNL from the missions described in section 3.2.8. SNL would continue to treat, store, and dispose of its legacy and newly generated wastes in current and planned facilities. Liquid LLW would be neutralized and solidified. Solid LLW would be compacted, packaged, and stored at the Technical Area III storage site for shipment to NTS. Both liquid and solid mixed waste would be treated in the Technical Area III Radioactive and Mixed Waste Management Facility and disposed of according to the SNL Site Treatment Plan which was developed pursuant to the Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992. The resulting waste would be stored in a RCRA-permitted facility in DOT-approved containers until shipped to an offsite DOE disposal facility. Some of this waste would be placed in interim storage until new technologies for treatment and disposal are identified and evaluated. Hazardous waste would be packaged and shipped offsite to RCRA-permitted treatment storage and disposal facilities. Liquid sanitary waste would continue to be sent to the City of Albuquerque Municipal Sanitary Sewer System. Solid nonhazardous sanitary waste would be disposed of at the Albuquerque Sanitary Landfill.

Table 4.8.3.10-1.--Projected Waste Management Under No Action at Sandia National Laboratories

Table 4.8.3.10-2.--Estimated Annual Generated Waste Volumes for Stockpile Stewardship and Management Alternatives at Sandia National Laboratories

Management Alternatives

Nonnuclear Fabrication. The Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility at SNL would not generate any TRU waste, LLW, or mixed LLW. Minimal impacts would result from the 15 m3 (3,840 gal) of liquid hazardous waste and 17 m3 (22 yd3 ) of solid hazardous waste, which would be packaged and stored onsite in RCRA-permitted facilities prior to shipment offsite to commercial RCRA-permitted treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. The estimated 291,000 m3 (77,000,000 gal) of sanitary waste would be conveyed to the City of Albuquerque Municipal Sanitary Sewer System. Additional treatment in accordance with site practice and discharge permits may be required. Following volume reduction, 3,940 m3 (5,150 yd3 ) per year of solid nonhazardous waste would be disposed of at the Albuquerque Sanitary Landfill. Minimal impacts to the remaining capacity of the landfill are expected.

Sensitivity Analysis. The waste volumes generated from the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility required to support a larger stockpile level (high case) operating on a single-shift basis are bounded by the base case under surge operations. Thus, there are no additional waste management impacts associated with the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility that would support a high case stockpile operating at a single shift. The volumes generated from the Nonnuclear Fabrication Facility required to support a low case stockpile would be reduced by a factor of at least three.

Stewardship Alternatives

Proposed National Ignition Facility. The proposed NIF would not generate any TRU waste. The 0.6 m3 (159 gal) of liquid LLW would require treatment prior to disposal. Liquid LLW is currently stored at the point of generation. Treatability studies are being conducted prior to applying for a RCRA permit for treating and storing liquid LLW and mixed waste. The 3 m3 (4 yd3 ) of solid LLW would be packaged in approved waste containers and staged in the Technical Area III storage site pending shipment directly to NTS for management. Assuming a land usage factor of 6,000 m3 /ha (3,180 yd3 /acres), less than 0.0005 ha/yr (0.0001 acres/yr) of LLW disposal area would be required.

The SNL Site Treatment Plan for Mixed Waste was developed to comply with the Federal Facility Compliance Act. The mixed waste streams identified at SNL have been combined into 16 treatability groups, each with a preferred treatment option. The type of mixed wastes generated by NIF would fit into one of the established 16 treatability groups and would not require the creation of new treatability groups or new preferred treatment options. The annual generation of 2 m3 (528 gal) of liquid mixed wastes and the annual generation of 0.3 m3 (0.4 yd3 ) of solid mixed waste would have a negligible impact on the available storage capacity of the main areas for future mixed waste storage: the seven Manzano bunkers, the Radioactive and Mixed Waste Management Facility, and Building 6596.

Minimal impacts would result from the 2 m3 (608 gal) of liquid hazardous waste and 8 m3 (10 yd3 ) of solid hazardous waste, which would be staged in the onsite hazardous waste accumulation area and shipped to offsite commercial RCRA-permitted treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. There are no adverse impacts expected from the annual volume of 17,900 m3 (4.72 million gal) of liquid nonhazardous sanitary waste discharged to the City of Albuquerque Municipal Sanitary Sewer System. Additional treatment in accordance with site practice and discharge permits may be required. Minimal impacts to the Albuquerque Sanitary Landfill would result from the 6,050 m3 (7,910 yd3 ) of solid nonhazardous waste.

Combined Program Impacts. If all the stockpile stewardship and management alternatives listed in table 4.8.3.10-2 were located at SNL, the impacts from low-level and mixed LLW would be identical to those discussed for NIF. Minimal impacts would result from the program total of 17 m3 (4,450 gal) of liquid and 25 m3 (33 yd3 ) of solid hazardous wastes. Adequate facilities exist to package and stage these wastes in onsite RCRA-permitted facilities prior to shipment offsite to commercial RCRA-permitted treatment and disposal facilities. There are no adverse impacts expected from the program total of 309,000 m3 (81.7 million gal) annual volume liquid sanitary wastes discharged to the City of Albuquerque Sanitary Sewer System. Additional treatment in accordance with site practice and discharge permits may be required. After volume reduction, approximately 9,990 m3 (13,100 yd3 ) of solid sanitary waste would require disposal at the Albuquerque Sanitary Landfill. Minimal impacts to the landfill are expected.

Potential Mitigation Measures. Waste quantities or waste forms could undergo additional reductions by utilizing emerging technologies, thereby further reducing or mitigating impacts. Pollution prevention and waste minimization would be considered in determining the final actions of the Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program at SNL. Utilization of existing and planned treatment and storage facilities would be maximized to further reduce impacts.

4.8.3.11 Environmental Justice

As discussed in section 4.14, any impacts to surrounding communities would most likely result from toxic or hazardous air pollutants and radiological emissions. Section 4.8.3.9, which describes public and occupational health impacts from normal operation, shows that potential chemical air emissions and releases are not within the generally accepted threshold of regulatory concern. This information is based on the conservative programmatic assumptions and modeling detailed in appendix E. Any adverse human health or environmental impacts that might occur would affect people living within communities located near SNL. The analysis of the demographic data presented in appendix D for the communities surrounding SNL indicates that if there were any adverse health impacts to these communities, they would not appear to disproportionately affect minority or low-income populations.

1 State and city/county standard.

2 Federal standard.

3 No monitoring data available; concentration assumed less than applicable standard.

4 State standard or guideline.

5 No standard. Source: 40 CFR 50; NM EIB 1995a; NM EIB 1996a; SNL 1995b:1; SNL 1995e; appendix I.

6 Total water requirements for construction at SNL are based on a 3-year period for nonnuclear fabrication and a 5-year period for NIF.

7 No construction water would be used or construction wastewater generated. Total site water use and wastewater discharged would be the same as No Action operation.

8 All discharges to natural drainages require NPDES permits. NA - not applicable; MLY - million liters per year. SNL 1995b:l; SNL 1995e; appendix I.

9 Includes impacts from No Action.

10 The applicable radiological limits for an individual member of the public from total site operations are 10 mrem/yr from the air pathways, 4 mrem/yr from the drinking water pathway, and 100 mrem/yr from all pathways combined (DOE Order 5400.5).

11 Natural background radiation levels to an average individual are 334 mrem/yr and to the population within 80 km (50 mi) in 2030 are 259,500 person-rem. Source: SNL 1994a; appendix I.

12 The involved worker is a worker associated with operation of NIF. The estimated number of involved workers is 267 for NIF.

13 The radiological limit for an individual worker is 5,000 mrem/yr (10 CFR 835).

14 The noninvolved worker is an onsite worker not associated with operation of NIF. The estimated number of noninvolved workers is 3,400 for NIF.

15 The total site workforce is the sum of the number of involved and noninvolved workers. The estimated number of workers in the total site workforce is 3,400 for No Action and 3,667 for NIF. NA - not applicable. Source: DOE 1993n:7; appendix I.

16 Includes RCRA-regulated, state-regulated, and TSCA-regulated wastes. NA - not applicable. Source: SNL 1995d.

17 No Action volumes are from table 4.8.3.10-1.

18 Volumes for nonnuclear fabrication are from table 3.4.2.5-3 and are based on surge operations (three shifts).

19 Volumes for NIF are from table 3.3.2.2-3 and are based on the conceptual design. Waste generation volumes were rounded to three significant figures. Waste effluent volumes are found in sections 3.3 and 3.4